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2 "5 



i 



Pennsylvania Illustrated: 



GENERAL SKETCH OF THE STATE; 



ITS 



Scenery, History and Industries 




Mitb lunurous ingrabings. 



PHILADELPHIA : 

PORTER & COxVTES, 

83S CKKSTNUT ST. 



'^>- COPYRiGHl ' '^A 
^ 1SV4 ^ ,[jA 



sr 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1874, by 

PORTER & COATES, 

In tlie Office of tlie Librarian of Congress, at Wasliington. 



F 



1 'S \ 
? A- \ 



\Vk.stcott & Thomson, 
Stereutypers and Etectrotypers, Phitada. 



Henry B. Ashmead, 
Printer. 



PRELIMINARY. 




"PENNSYLVANIA may be considered 



as geographically parceled into the 
three regions drained l)y the tributaries of 
three great rivers, for within her limits none 
but insignificant streamlets flow toward Lake 
Erie. The valley of one of these rivers — 
the Susquehanna — has aiTorded the natui-al 
route for the central system of railroads 
passing through the State, north and south. 
The coal deposits of the Upper Delaware and 
its tributaries, the Lehigh and Schuylkill, 
have caused the north-eastern section of the 
State to be fairly gridironed with rails. The 
petroleum region, the north-Avest — about the 
head waters of the Allegheny, that is, of the Ohio — is similarly accessible. Lastly, 
the watersheds of these three, with the mountains that sunder them, are all intersected 
by the great railway that traverses the State throughout its length from east to west. 

It is manifest that, by following the lines of travel which these considerations indicate, 
the tourist in Pennsylvania may arrive at whatever is most notable and varied in its 
natural scenery at the least cost of time and labor. It is also the case that the same 
scheme includes the scenes of greatest historical interest. The several railroads which 
lead to these diverse districts have, accordingly, been taken as marking the natural 
divisions of Pennsylvania Illustrated. 

5 



Pennsylvania Illustrated. 



From Philadelphia to Pittsburg. 



LEAVING the city of Philadelphia for a future and extended notice, we take the 
Pennsylvania Railroad for Pittsburg, the distance being three hundred and fifty 
miles, running through every variety of scenery and rising to an altitude of three thousand 
feet at the highest point on the road. Crossing the Schuylkill at Fairniount Park, the eye 




Connecting Bridge, Fairnnount Park, Philadelphia. 

is at once attracted to the beautiful view up the river, with the steamboats plying and the 
various boat-clubs engaged in their daily practice. The average breadth of the Schuyl- 
kill is a quarter of a mile, although at many points it is so wide as to present the 
appearance of a lake. To the right of the traveler, in crossing the bridge, may be seen 
the ground selected for the new zoological garden, which bids fair to compete favorably 
with those of Europe. There is much in Fairmount Park to attract attention, and in 
the future description of Philadelphia more special allusion Avill be made to its many 
beauties. Leaving the busy streets of the city, we are rapidly carried toward the 
great point of attraction for 1876— the location selected for the Centennial Exhibition 
Buildings. A slope of over five hundred acres forms the site selected, and here will 



I'Eyys YL 1 'AyiA ill ustba ted. 




be erected a main pavilion of an entirely 
original style of architecture, in itself cover- 
ing over thirty acres of ground, the main 
avenue through its centre being one-third 
of a mile in length. The design for this 
building as approved by the Centennial 
Committee is due to the joint labors of 
Calvert Yaux, the well-known landscape- 
gardener, and George K. Radford, civil 
engineer. The plan of the building is rec- 
tangular, being 1876 feet long, by G80 feet 
wide, the principal part of the design being 
made up of vaulted or domed j)avilions, 
each 140 feet in diameter, clustered together 
and connected with arches of 100 feet open- 
ing, with interior courts of 36 feet diameter. 
When this immense building is filled with 
the productions of the whole world, arranged 
with judgment and taste, it will fairly coni- 
5 pare in attraction with the great Exhibitions 
2 of London, Paris and Vienna. By an ar- 
u rangement with the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
£ special tracks are to be laid, running directly 
into the building, so that articles intended 
for exhibition can be brought from any sec- 
^ tion of this vast continent and deposited in 
a their proper location. At the end of this 
S edifice, and to the right of the railroad, will 
2 be erected two large structures, one for a 
display of machinery, and the other spe- 
cially adapted for agricultural implements. 
The horticultural de])artment will occupy, 
with its various greenhouses, a point near 
the river. 

In the distance, and beyond these build- 
ings, will appear the grand Memorial Build- 
ing, erected by the State of Pennsylvania 
and the city of Philadelphia as a tribute to 
the memories of those who sacrificed Hie 
and fortune for the future of our country. 
This palace of art, as may be seen from the 
design, will be most creditable to our jK'ople, 
and in its future use, as a school oi'ait edu- 
cation, prove of snch practical value as will 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



make it, at the close of another century, not only a memorial of the Revolution, but 
also of the wise forecast which superintended its erection for the service of the coming 
generation. 

The architects to whom is due the design of the Memorial Building are Messrs, Col- 
lins & Autenreith, of Pliiladelphia, successful competitors in a fair and open trial with 
members of the profession from all sections of the country. The general outline of the 
plan of this building is a cross with arms respectively 420 feet and 320 feet long. The 
long arms are semicircular at the ends, and the principal entrances are at the extremities 
of the shorter arms. A dome rises from the intersection, and four towers, which appear 
clear and complete in outline from the ground up, flank the dome on each side. This 
arrangement results in a group that will pnjduce an equally imposing appearance from 




Mernorial Building. 

any point of site or direction in which it may be seen. The principal dimensions are 
as follows: extreme length, exclusive of steps, 420 feet; extreme width, 320 feet; 
height of dome inside, 216 feet, and outside to top of figure, 284 feet. Special attention 
has been paid to the adaptation of this building to all j)urposes connected with art, both 
in securing light from the proper direction, to present paintings and statuary to the best 
advantage, and also to afford every facility for the instruction of students in all that 
relates to art education. The central grand rotunda will probably be left entirely free 
during the Exhibition, or it may be used for musical purposes. 

There can be no doubt but that the varied attractions presented in 1876 will draw 
an immense concourse to the city of Philadelphia, and many experienced judges estimate 
the total number at not less than twelve millions of people during the progress of the 
Exhibition. Already caterers for the public taste are turning their attention in this 



10 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



direction. Music is to be represented by Strauss, with his magnificent orchestra, and 
the special celebration on the 4tli of July, 1876, will doubtless be on a grand scale, 
under the management of Gilmore. International regattas, cricket and base-ball 
matches are promised. The regiments of the different States will enter into com- 
petitive drill, and already the firemen are preparing to challenge the world. Every 
possible facility will be giveji by the city authorities for transportation from one 
section of the city to another ; and what with railroads, horse-cars, steamboats, etc., 
Philadelphia will have great advantages over any city yet favored by an Inter- 
national Exhibition. 

Leaving the national grounds and rapidly speeding through the spider web of mazy 
tracks which mingle in almost inextricable confusion on leaving the depots of the rail- 
roads, we reach the quiet suburb of Heston- 
ville and George's Hill, which immediately 
adjoin Fairmount Park. The prospect of the 
Centennial Exhibition has increased the value 
of property, and improvements of all kinds 
are in course of progress. Some of the most 
noted factories at Hestonville are — Hunter's 
print-works, Jones' woollen-mills, Chambers' 
foundry, Patterson's knitting-mills, etc., etc. 
Until quite lately the sheep-market supply- 
ing most of the city of Philadelphia was 
located here, but the progress of building, 
and consequent rise of property, has led to 
its removal. 

One specialty of the Pennsylvania Railroad 
is to improve its various stations, especially in 
the vicinity of the city of Philadelphia, thus 
offering every attraction to build up and in- 
crease the local traffic of the road. In many 
instances the property is owned by the road, 
and special inducements are offered to pur- 
chasers of land who will at once build and 
occupy. Not only reduced rates, but in some 
instances free travel, is granted for a stated 
period. At Bryn Mawr a foot-bridge is built across the track, and it as well as the 
station is a pleasant contrast to the prevailing style of railroad architecture. A fine 
hotel has also been erected, which in the summer season is crowded with visitors from 
the city. The Centennial fever has spread even here, and the hotel is to be enlarged 
to meet the wants of the expected millions. At Wayne station we pass through the 
beautiful estate of Mr. Askin — another instance of the rapid increase of property in the 
neighborhood of a large city. This gentleman has erected a large number of substan- 
tial brick houses, which are supplied with water furnished from a private reservoir, and 
with gas made on the premises. A large hall, library and reading-room add to the 




Near Hestonville. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



11 



attractions of the place, while a fine church and schoolhouse give pleasant indications 
that morals and education are properly cared for. 




Bryn Mawr. 

Passing rapidly through a finely cultivated country with beautiful residences, and pre- 
senting the appearance of an English park, we reach the valley of the Brandywine, and 
pass Valley Forge on the north. This section of the route is filled with reminiscences 
of the early days of our 
country's history and of the 
times that tried men's souls. 
Wayne, the station just left, 
was so named for Mad 
Anthony, and at Paoli, which 
we are now passing, is a 
monument commemorating 
the massacre of a detach- 
ment of his soldiers unex- 
pectedly surprised. In this 
section of the State much 
attention has been paid to 
improved breeds of cattle, 
and Devons, Ayrshires and 
Herefords may be seen quiet- 
ly grazing as we pass rapid- 
ly by. Toward Downing- 
ton the view uj) the valley 
is very beautiful and pic- 
turesque, and we wonder 
why so many travel to dis- 
tant lands in search of what can be seen to perfection at our very doors. 




A Scene near ^A^est Chester. 



12 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



At Coatesville we strike the west branch of the Brandywine, crowned by a long 
bridge seventy-five feet above the grade of the Wihnington and Reading Raih-oad, 
which runs below. 

The borough of 
Coatesville, with a 
jjopulation of some 
3000, is a very pleas- 
ant and growing town. 
Many branches of 
manufactures are suc- 
cessfully carried on, 
and its attractions in 
summer lead to its 



being frequented by 
visitors from Phila- 
delphia, who find its 
convenience of access 
of great service. 

The Coatesville 
Bridge is built of iron 
and erected upon pil- 
lars of brick and mason work. The interior 
view given on next page shows the attention 
paid to strength and permanence. 

The next point of interest is Parkes- 
burg, with its numerous machine-shops and 
foundries, all indicating the prosperity of 
Chester county, in which the last station is 
Penningtonville — a rapidly-growing place, 
and surrounded by a large and wealthy farming population. Chester county was so 
named by William Penn as a special compliment to his friend Pearson, a fellow-voyager 
from Europe, and who was a native of Chester, England. 

Lancaster county is also well known for its farms, from which a large portion of the 
food of Philadelphia is drawn. 

Lancaster county has many interesting reminiscences. Among the early German im- 
migrants were the Mennonites, who have always been considered valuable additions to the 
population of the country. The good result of their settlement is now being shown in the 
approaching immigration of over 50,000 to our Western States and Territories. Among 
the interesting points connected with Lancaster county is the fact of the establishment 
of iron-works as early as 1726. This is supposed to be among the first on this continent. 
On the road to Lancaster is the village of Ephrata, originally a settlement of the seceded 
Dunkers. The buildings are arranged something after the manner of the Moravians, 
and comprise a Sisters' house and a Brothers' house, each four stories in height. 
Chapels are arranged for night meetings, and a cell furnished with a cot, a closet and an 




"VJ/-5'^' 



Coatesville Bridge. 



FENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. 



13 




Interior View of Coatesville Bridge. 



hour-glass forms the resting-place of each member; m old times only a bench and billet 
of wood were allowed for the sleeper. These rooms are curiously ornamented with 




Farm Scene. 



ink-paintings or specimens of penmanship, which attract much attention from visitors. 
After the battle of Braudywine many of our wounde'' soldiers were brought to Ephrata, 
where they received every kindness. Near Ephrata are the Mountain Springs, well 



14 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL U8TRA TED. 



known as a pleasant place of summer resort. The next point of interest is the city of 
Lancaster, with a population of over 20,000, prettily located on the Conestoga Creek, 
which is crossed by the railroad before arrival. This city was ^s^^^^^_ 
the seat of State government from 1790 to 1812; in popula- 
tion it now ranks as the fifth city in the State, and is pleasantly 




Bridge over the Conestoga. 

situated in the centre of a rich agricultural region, with many attractions to those 
retiring from business with a moderate competency. The old Franklin College, in 
Lancaster, was founded in 1787; it is now known as the Franklin and Marshall Col- 
lege, and the oldest turnpike road in the United States terminated here, 62 miles from 
Philadelphia ; this city is specially indebted for its prosperity to the large locomotive- 
works established some years since, to which additions have been lately made, and to 
the direct water-communication which is had with Baltimore vid the tidewater canal 
to Port Deposit. The Conestoga River, crossed in arriving at Lancaster, is specially 
noted for its early connection with steam navigation ; it was here that William Henry, 
of Lancaster, tried many experiments, which resulted in the loss of his model boat, and 
it was doubtless from these experiments of Henry that Robert Fulton, who resided and 
received his education in Lancaster, first had his attention called to the same subject. 
President Buchanan resided at Wheatland, in the vicinity, as also did Thaddeus 
Stevens, the well-known representative from this district in Congress. . Columbia, the 
population of which is about 7000, and the next place of importance on this road, is 
prettily located partly on the hillside sloping down to the river, where the business of 
shipping lumber is largely carried on. A very rich deposit of iron has been found 
within a short distance of Columbia, which has led to the erection of furnaces and 
machine-shops. 

Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania, next attracts the attention of the traveler. 
A city of 25,000 inhabitants, and the intersecting point for a number of railroads, it has 
become a place of considerable importance; it was laid out by John Harris in 1785, 
and in 1812 was made the capital. The State-House occupies a picturesque and com- 
manding position upon a natural eminence a little north of the centre of the city, and 
from its dome a beautiful view may be obtained of the river with its numerous islands. 
The State-House is not remarkable for either grandeur or beauty of architecture, and 



PENNSYL VA MA ILL USTRA TED. 



15 



is, in fact, hardly worthy of the second State in the Union, but from its associations it 
naturally attracts the attention of visitors. The great railroad facilities for travel and 
freight, together with the canal and river navigation, and the vicinity of large beds of 
coal and iron, give Harrisburg almost an unequaled position for trade and manufactures, 
and as the political centre and seat of the State Legislature it is equally important; 
during the session of the Legislature the hotels are crowded, and the receptions given 
by the Governor and other officials attract many visitors. 




Harrisburg ranks high as a manu- 
facturing city, comprising a large variety 
of important establishments, of which the 
most important are the Lochiel Iron- 
works, situated on the borders of the 
city limits, and occupying in all forty- 
seven acres, upon which are erected a blast-furnace and its adjuncts — viz., rolling-mill, 
gas-house, church, schoolhouse, and, in fact, a complete village. The engine used in these 
works is the first Corlis's upright engine built for the purpose, and the rolling-mill is a 
model in itself — 345 feet long and 225 wide ; and immediately adjoining the railroad are 
18 single puddling furnaces and 12 heating furnaces, all made available in the produc- 
tion of railroad and bar iron, of which is daily turned out 100 tons of the former and 15 
of the latter; by its connection with the Peimsylvania Railroad the ore and coal are re- 
ceived on one side of the building, and the bars and rails shipped from the other. The 



IG 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLISTRATED. 



steel-works, also located near Harrisburg, are \vorthy of a visit, oeeupying 97 acres of 
laud, upon which are two Bessemer mills, with machine-sliops and other accessories. 

From Harrisburg we cross the iSuvsquehanna on a splendid bridge 3670 feet long, from 
the centre of which a magniticcnt view is obtained, and from this point to Pittsburg the 
scenery will be tbund superb, and in places grand beyond description. Lewistown is at 
the junction of the Penn Central with the Mitllin and Centre county branch, with a 
population of oOOO; it is the best point from which to visit the Juniata and its scenery. 




Lewistown Narrows. 



Leaving Lewistown, we arrive at Hnntingdon, which is 208 miles from Piiila- 
delphia, and is a dep6t from which large shipments of grain and iron are made; it is 
the northern terminus of the Huntingdon and Broadtop Railro:id, and travelers to 
Bedford Springs here take the train for ^lounr Dallas, and thence 6 miles to the 
Springs, a popular and attractive place of summer resort, well supplied with hotel 
accommodation, and furnishing Maters containing carbonic acid, sulphate of magnesia, 
sulphate of lime and muriate of soda. 

Tyrone City, the next point, is specially noted for its manufacture of iron, and is near 
Tuckahoe Valley, where may be found the best iron ore ; it is 886 feet above tidewater, 
and on the line to the summit of the Alleghanics, with a poj)ulation of 2000 ; it is rapidly 
growing in im})()rtance. Railroads from Tyrone connect at Lock Haven for Williams- 
port, and also run to Clearfield. The next point of importance is Altoona, at the head 
of Tuckahoe Valley, and the general resting-place for the tired traveler ; its hotel — the 
liOgan House — has a world-wide reputation, and can accommodate 500 guests. 

The iron railway station at Altoona is a model of lightness and elegance, and here are 



FENNSYL VANIA ILL USTHA TED. 



17 




Logan House, Altoona. 

located the most important workshops of the Pennsylvania Railroad, employing over 1000 
workmen. From this point is another route to Bedford Springs vid Hollidaysburg. 
From Altoona commences the real ascent of the Alleghanies. In the course of the 




Horseshoe Curve. 



18 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



next eleven miles may be seen some of the grandest efforts of engineering skill. Within 
this distance the road mounts to the summit, and the entrance to the tunnel is bj so 
steep a grade that, while in the ascent double power is required to move the train, the 
entire eleven miles of descent arc run without steam, the speed of the train being regu- 
lated by the brakes. At one point there is a curve known as the " Horseshoe Curve," 
and to which attention is always attracted as a specimen of good railway engineering. 

The road for the entire distance hugs the sides of the mountains, and from the win- 
dows next the valley the traveller can look down upon houses and trees apparently 
liliputian in size, so much are they dwarfed by distance; and it may be well to observe 
to those visiting this section of the country ior the first time that, going west, the left- 
hand side of the car should be taken, and on returning east the right; thus a complete 
view of this renowned and beautiful scenery may be obtained. The summit of the 
mountain is pierced by a tunnel 3670 feet long, through which the train passes before 
commencing to descend the western slope. 




Alleghany Mountain Tunnel. 

Two hundred and fifty-three miles from Philadelphia, on the summit of the Alleg- 
hanies, is the village of Cresson Springs, a very popular and ]>leasant resort, 3000 feet 
above sea-level, and much esteoiiied by invalids for the purity of its air; its hotels 
and cottages have accommodation for upward of 2000 persons, and the Mountain 
Plouse at Cresson is well known and deservedly popular. In desc(;nding the mountain 
from this point, the remains of another railroad are constantly seen, sometimes above 
and sometimes below the track. This old road was simply a system of inclined planes 
by which loaded coal-boats were carried over the mountains, the boats being built in 
sections, which were separated at the foot of the mountain and joined together again 



PENNS YL VAN I A ILL U8TRA TED. 



19 



after making the portage. The stream ahnost constantly in sight during the di^scent is 
the Connemaugh, which is crossed by a stone viaduct near Connemaugh station, the 
terminus of the mountain division of the raih'oad. 




Mountain House, Cresson, Pa. 

At this point, or near it, Ave strike Cambria county, the seat of the great iron interest. 
There is not a county in the State that excels Cambria in mineral wealth, and the amount 
of capital already invested in the development of its resources is very large, and steadily 
on the increase. There are several kinds of iron ore which exist in great quantities 
throughout the entire county ; the depth of the vein is from 18 to 36 inches, sometimes 
running horizontally, and sometimes dipping heavily into the hills, and although many 
of these veins have been wrought for a great number of years, yet the diminution in 
quantity is scarcely noticeable. The borough of Johnstown is the centre of this great 
interest of Cambria county, and, with its suburbs, comprises a population of at least 
16,000. 

The rolling-mill of the Cambria Iron-works is one of the largest in the world; its 
capacity has been fully tested, and it is found able to turn out 75,000 tons of rails 
annually ; it covers seven acres, while the total area occupied by the entire works is 
upward of sixty. In the rolling-mill there are seven trains of rolls, each train having 
five pair; to keep these rolls supplied with heated metal requires twenty-eight heat- 
ing furnaces, while fort3'-two double puddling furnaces furnish the heaters with the 
puddled bars. 

The Bessemer process of making steel has been used here with great success, the 
Cambria Iron Company having nine blast-furnaces in operation, ])roducing 300 tons 
of pig iron per day, and a new and much larger furnace nearly completed. 



20 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



In atlditiou to the works connected with the production of iron, the company has 
erected grist-mills, saw-mills, and machinery for the rapid manufacture of brick and 
the quarrying of stone. Special attention has been paid to the comfort of the working 
classes, all the food, clothing, carpets, dry goods, etc., being supplied by the company at 
the lowest possible rates. The president of the company (Hon. Daniel J. Morrell) is 
known from one end of our country to the other as connected with the inception of 
the Centennial Exhibition and its international character is largely due to his efforts in 
Congress. To one who has the time, a visit to Johnstown will amply repay the trouble 
taken, and he may feel assured of a pleasant reception from those in charge. 




Traek-Tank near Johnstown, Pa. 

Between Johnstown and Pittsburg there are not many places of note, with perhaps 
the exception of Greensburg, thirty-one miles from Pittsburg, the county seat of West- 
moreland, and a place of much activity. Here General Arthur St. Clair, a British officer 
of some eminence, was buried in the graveyard attached to the Presbyterian church 
seen as one enters the town, Manor and Penn stations, a short distance from Greens- 
burg, are interesting as forming a portion of the land selected for private occupancy by 
the Penn family. 

Brinton, within a few miles of Pittsburg, is near Braddock's Field, the battle-ground 
on which General Braddock was totally defeated by the French and Indians on the 9th 
of July, 1755, and just after passing Brinton, the point is located where the army crossed 
the stream. There have been in history few events uniting in a common enterprise such 
men as William Pitt the orator (then earl of Chatham), Benjamin Franklin the philoso- 
pher, who furnished the transportation, and George Washington the patriot, Avho accom- 
panied this expedition. We now leave the train at Pittsburg, the terminus of the road. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



21 



The city of Pittsburg is a worthy terminus to the magnificent road over which we 
have been traveling. It is at the head of the Ohio River, at the confluence of the 
Alleghany and the Monon- 
gahela. It is situated in a 
district extremely rich in 
mineral wealth, and the en- 
terprise of the people has 
been directed to the develop- 
ment of its resources with an 
energy and success seldom 
paralleled. Pittsburg is 357 
miles west of Philadelphia, 
and 223 north of Washing- 
ton City, and its situation is 
exceedingly beautiful. The 
city lies in a plain surround- 
ed by hills from 400 to 500 
feet in height; at the base 
of these flow the three rivers 
already named. The hills 
are very rich in coal, iron 
and limestone, and the soil 
is fertile to their very sum- 
mits, which are covered with 
picturesque forests, orchards 
and gardens, thus giving an 
additional beauty to the land- 
scape. The city is hand- 
somely built, brick and stone 
being the principal material 
used ; but the dense smoke 
soon defaces the handsomest 
structure, and in consequence of this, the place has a black, grimy appearance, which 
effectually mars the work of taste and wealth. There are many handsome residences 
in the eastern section, and the suburbs (specially preferred as locations for residences) 
are very })icturesque and beautifully built up. From its situation the city of Pitts- 
burg enjoys admirable commercial facilities, and has become the centre of an extensive 
commerce with the Western States, while its vicinity to inexhaustible iron and coal 
mines has raised it to great and merited distinction as a manufacturing place, the amount 
of capital invested being over $200,000,000. It has been estimated by careful examina- 
tion that in the limits of what is known throughout the country as Pittsburg there are 
thirty-five miles of manufactories of iron, of glass, of steel, of copper, of oil, of wool, 
of cotton and of brass, not to include manufactories in other materials, nor including 
any of less grade than manufactories of chains in iron or plows in wood. A raeasure- 




Old Portage Road, near Portage Station, Pa. 



22 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



>'<»S 



nu'iit ol'llu' ^Tomul also shows that thosr tliirty-livc inih's oC l:u'tt)rit's aiv so chisi'ly con- 
tiguous that, wore they plaeed in a single row, eaeh fiu'torv woukl have hut about four 
hundred toot of front' spaee for its workinu's. The territory over and around whieh tins 

immense ehain of ma- 
chinery is strung, 
thougli all popnlarly 
known as Pittshurg, is 
composed of the city 
of l*ittsl)ni-g and the 
eity of Allegliany, the 
boroughs oi' Teniper- 
ancevilli-, West Pitts- 
burg, Monongalu>la, 
Sonth Pittsbnrg, Bir- 
minghani and East 
Birmingham. Al- 
though the name of 
Pittsburg has b(>en a 
household word 
? throuii'hout the West 
■c since the days of the 
5 earlier settlements, still 
•g its growth has been so 
>> equable with that of 
^ the West that but few 
realize the real magni- 
tnde of the eomnuniity. 
At the ])resent time 
llu> eoal trade of the 
t'itv amounts to about 
$10,00(),()00 annually, 
and there are in the 
vicinity of Pittsburg 
103 collieries, the value 
of whose lands, houses, 
improvt'iucnts, ears, 
etc., amounts to about 
$11,000,000. Oil is an- 
other great staple, and 
there are in Pittsburg 
58 refineries, in which is invested a capital (^f nearly $8,000,000 in buildings and 
machinery, and in the tanks and barges necessary to the carrying on of the business 
n(>arly $0,000,000 more. The oil trade has amounted to an average of $11, 0(X),000 
aiituially, and Pittsburg supplies over sixty per cent, ol" (he whole foreign exportation 




PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



23 



of petroleum. So far as can be ascertained, one-half of the glass-factories of the 
United States are located here, where tliere are 40 firms engaged in the manufacture of 
glass, running 60 factories, employing nearly 5000 workmen, and producing between 
four and five million dollars' worth of window, green, flint and plate glass. In iron 
and steel Pittsburg also claims pre-eminence. In 1865 the estimate was made that the 
exj)ortation by rail alone was over 143,000 tons; since then the trade has greatly 
increased, and is growing more and more every year. The population of Pittsburg, 
including the towns incorporated Avith it, is not fur from 200,000. It contains many 
fine buildings, among which may be mentioned the Court-House, Post-Office, Custom- 
House, Mercantile Library and City Hall. There are fine passenger-boats daily up 
and down the Ohio in the season. Five excellent bridges cross the Alleghany, and two 
connect Pittsburg with the left bank of the Monongahela. The principal harbor is 
furnished by the Monongahela River, which has a greater depth of water than the 
Alleghany ; the Ohio is navigable to the confluence of these streams for boats of light 
draught, except at infrequent periods of great dryness. By means of large side-wheel 
steamboats, which navigate the Ohio during the season of high water, a heavy trade is 
maintained with the States along the rivers we have mentioned. Pittsburg thus controls 
about twelve hundred miles of water transportation, and can deliver its products without 
breaking bulk in over four hundred counties of seventeen States. 





Towing Flatboats up Oil Creek. 



The Oil Regions. 



THE section of Pennsylvania which has attained so large a notoriety since the dis- 
covery of petroleum is limited almost exclusively to the Alleghany River Valley, 
and the most productive portion of it consists of an irregular quadrangle, each of its 
sides being from fifteen to twenty-five miles in length, and its axis line nearly cor- 
responding with the course of Oil Creek between Titus ville and Oil City. The first 
use known of this oil was for medicinal purposes by the Indians, and it was then called 
by the early white settlers Seneca oil. In 1845 the proprietors of the Hope Cotton 
Factory in Pittsburg used it for lubricating purposes in connection with sperm oil, and 
found it a great economy. In 1850 its use first commenced for illuminating, and from 
that its demand steadily increased until its commercial importance was established. 
The Penn Rock Oil Company was the first company of any importance. Professor 
Silliman being president; it produced from an artesian well about eight barrels per 
day. This was the commencement of an era of speculation and excitement, and the 
production of oil soon became enormous, and has developed itself into an industry of 

24 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 25 



national importance, not only as an article of home consumption, but of export to other 
countries. The total product of petroleum in Pennsylvania for the five years ending 
1872 is as follows : 

Barrels. 

1868 3,715,000 

1869 4,215,000 

1870 5,659,000 

1871 5,795,000 

1872......... 6,539,000 

Exports from January 1 to June 1, 1873. 

Gallons. 

From New York 46,224,596 

" Boston 987,368 

" Philadelphia 22A?>1M1 

" Baltimore. 1,221,438 

Total exports from United States 70,870,819 

The difficulty of moving the thousands of barrels of oil which it was neces.sary to 
transport can be better imagined than described, and for some time the expense and 
trouble connected with land carriage was submitted to, until some one conceived the 
idea of conveying the oil down Oil Creek to the Alleghany in flatboats, and the 



Oil en route to Pittsburg. 

employment of pond freshets to float the boats when laden with oil. The amount of 
oil brought down upon one of these pond freshets averaged from 15,000 to 20,000 
barrels. The oil was transferred at the oil wharves to a larger and better class of boats, 
and floated down the Alleghany to Pittsburg. At one time over one thousand boats 
were employed on the creek, and in addition to these were some thirty steamers, pas- 
senger and tow-boats engaged in the same traffic. This oil-fleet furnished employment 
to about 4000 men. With the advent of railroads the mode of doing business was 
revolutionized. Car-tanks were brought into use, each car being mounted with two 
wooden tanks having a capacity of about forty barrels each ; these have given way to 
the iron cylinder-shaped tanks, which hold about as much oil as the two wooden tanks. 



26 



PENJSS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 




• I v.-s^r-ikiy, ^]- 




Loading Oil-tight Flatboats. 

There are, on all the railroads engaged in this business, about 2500 iron tank-ears, with 
a eombined capacity of 212,500 barrels. 

With the progress of oil developments, cities and towns, with rapidly-increasing 
population, have sprung up in every direction. Some have passed away with the de- 
cline in sources of supply, while others remain as instances to mark the industry and 
good fortune of their founders. Titusville, iu Crawford county, with a population of 




Teaming on Oil Creek. 



about 12,000, and Oil City, with a population of 8000, are perhaps among the best 
known of these oil towns. 



The Valley of the Susquehanna, 



"IVTO re£yion of Pennsylvania is at once more picturcsqne and more fertile than that 
_LM of the Valley of the Susquehanna — the "Crooked Kiver/' as the Indian signifi- 
cation of the name justly imports. The length of this valley is about 100 miles from 
north-east to south-west, and its breadth varies from 10 to 20 or even 30 miles, as the 
boundary mountains approach or recede from the river; but its many and spreading 
branches drain more than half of the 47,000 square miles which constitute the area of 
the State. Having been settled early in the pre-Revolutionary days of Pennsylvania, 
the valley has long been under cultivation through nearly its whole extent, and it is 
traversed in every direction by roads that are in excellent condition throughout the 
year, because of the yielding clay slate of which they are made, and which becomes 
smooth and solid under travel. It is entered by a perfect network of railways from 
either side; while from end to end, for the most part along the river bank, runs the 
Northern Central Railroad. 

The tourist who approaches this region from the south will have ridden along that 
road a distance of 36 miles from his starting-point, at Baltimore, before he enters the 
limits of Pennsylva- 
nia. The famous line 
of Mason and Dixon 
— which he passes at 
a station significantly 
entitled Freelands — is 
declared to be distinct- 
ly defined by the ab- 
rupt transition from 
the squalor of the 
rough and uncleared 
tracts of Northern 
Maryland into the 
prosperity and thrift 
of the productive coun- 
ty of York. York 
was the earliest county 
settled on the west of 
the Susquehanna, ranking, indeed, as fifth in the j)oint of age among the C^G counties 
of the State, having been formed in 1749. The pioneer settlers were English, who 
established themselves some years before this date in the valley of the Cadorus; but 
they were soon followed l>y Germans in great numbers who (piickly filled the valley. 




A York County Barn Yard. 



28 



PENI^S YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



and undertook its improvement in a spirit of industry and thrift that ensured the pros- 
perity which has attended their descendants to the present day. Ten miles beyond the 
State line is Hanover, the point of junction with the branch railway which runs to the 
town and battle-field of Gettysburg, 30 miles to the west of the main railway. 

Gettysburg must always have attractions sufficient to divert many tourists from 
neighboring lines of travel, for the purpose of beholding the scene of the great struggle 
in 1863 which proved the turning-point in the civil war. Moved chiefly by political 
considerations — by the belief that a successful invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania 
would stimulate the Northern well-wishers of the Confederacy to a revolt in its behalf — 
General Lee accumulated the strongest Confederate army, alike in point of numbers, of 




Plan of the Battle of Gettysburg. 

quality and of equipment, that was at any time put into the field. He gave the slip to 
General Hooker in Virginia, who lay with his Army of the Potomac beyond the Rap- 
palianock River; gaining a week's start before his intent was disclosed, in the last days 
of June he crossed the Upper Potomac, traversed Maryland, overran the three border 
counties of Pennsylvania next west of the Susquehanna, destroying their railroads, 
bridges and telegraphs ; and Harrisburg and Pittsburg seemed on the point of falling into 
his grasp, while there were fears for the safety even of Philadelphia. It was at this 
juncture, on the 1st of July, that the first pursuing columns of General Meade, who 
had meantime superseded Hooker, came upon the invaders near Gettysburg — a village 

To the wounded in the battle is due the discovery of the "Katalj'sine Springs," a description of which will 
be found at the end of the book 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



21) 



of some 3000 inhabitants, \vhi(;h, iw the ca{)ital of Adams county, is the focus of a con- 
siderable farming region, and the centre from wliicli radiate a dozen or more excellent 
and important roads ; yet the immediately surrounding lands are too rugged for cultiva- 
tion and are largely covered with woods. Gettysburg is situated on the northern slope 
of the hill that formed the centre of the conflict, and faces another hill upon which 
stand a college and other edifices. The first corps of Union troo[)s that came up passetl 
through the town and attacked the enemy behind it; but the latter were in greatly out- 
numbering strength, and, after the death of General Reynolds, the Union corps com- 
mander, his followers found themselves threatened on both flanks, and were obliged to 
fall back, leaving the town in the hands of the rebels, and to establish themselves on the 
western slope of the hill to the south of it. During the night General Meade came up 
with the bulk of his army, and by morning both combatants had mustered nearly their 
full available strength. The position taken by the Union troops curved along the 
western, northern and eastern crest of the hill on which the cemetery of Gettysburg was 
situated, while the Confederates occupied the encompassing heights. At three in the 
afternoon (July 2) the latter moved to the attack, and deli\^ered desperate charges upon 
both the eastern and western faces of the hill which formed the key of Meade's position. 
They were repulsed, indeed, in both quarters, and with severe loss, though less than 
they inflicted ; yet the issue of the day was 
such as to leave them encouraged and con- 
fident of success on the morrow. During the 
morning of the third day (July 3) the action 
was one of artillery, except for an attack by 
the rebels on the eastern side of the hill, which 
was promptly repulsed. In the afternoon, 
however, began the desperate effort, along 
Lee's whole line, to carry Cemetery Hill. 
To this end nearly 120 guns of heavy calibre 
were directed through an arc of more than 
half a circumscribing circle, upon the Union 
troops within. At one o'clock the signal gun 
was fired, and then at once commenced a can- 
nonade terrific beyond description — a storm 
of balls which filled the air with splintered 
boards from fences, fragments of gravestones, 
and boughs torn from the trees, and was so 
destructive that, within five minutes from its 
commencement, every unsheltered portion of 
the hill was cleared. For three hours this 
tremendous cross-fire lasted, the Union gun- 
ners meantime having been ordered to reserve 
their ammunition, slackening their fire gradually, in such manner as to cause the belief 
that their batteries had been silenced. Then, at four o'clock, came the desperate final 
charge of the Confederates. Along their whole line they swept up the western slope 




Gettysburg Monument. 



:Ut 



PENNSYl I A.\JA JLL L ii'TJxA TKl\ 



ottlio liill witli tlu> most rosoluif :uiK>v ; Init \\\v\ Wx^vv wwi, t'lrst hy a tlostnu-tivc voUry 
ot'small arms that liail lun^n NvithlirKl imtil tlu> assailants wt'vi' within poiiit-hhinU rani;t'. 
thru hv a I'vash oC grapo ami cauistoi' trout tlu' batteries tlu'y lunl bi-lifvctl siK'iirril, ami 
iimltM" \vln>so entihuling" tirt' thoir liin> actually mclteil iuio tVai^iiu'iiis, Almost in an 
instant the ivsnlt ot" tlio ilay was ilofi^lt'il — what was \vt\ of tho onrmy was in ivtivat 
across tho valley. Tims omled tho hist sorii»ns attomj)t of tho Confoiloraoy to oarry tho 
war into the North — atU^' h>ssos in tho Vnion ranks thirini; tlu« batth's of over 2o,000, 
of whom 2834 were kUhnl ; in the C'onfedenite, of 28,t)0(.). Upon the grouml whore 
thov tonght, tho remains of tho gallant men who toll ilnrinsx those hanl-foni;ht oombats 
have boon a^lloottnl in a National Comotory, atul a moimmont orootod to tlnnr memory. 

Ivesumins::; tho trnnk lino, a riiK> ot' a ilo/.on ntilos t'rom llanovor .Inmiion — ilnrint;' 
whioh the roail lies alons;- tho Cailorns Crook ami thron*;h a rioh farming ooimtry — 
biings lis to tho thriving ami wealthy town of York. AnotluM- do/t'ii miles, ami the 




Svxsqviehanna, ueui 
Harrisbury. 



road eiwsses the Conewago iVeek and strikes 

tho western hank of tho Snsqnohanna, hoiv 

a broad stream, broken by tVtx^nont islands, 

whic'h now rut tho river into rapid eurronts, and now 

give siioltor to ipiiot pools, the tavorite hannts of in- _^^,_;, 

nninorjiblo wild ilnoks. Hotwtvn jutting orag-s on the one 

hand and the river on the other, the railroail follows the bank i'ov some fitKnui n\iles, the 

smoke and flame of the Loohiol Iron-works meantime etuning into view, and beyond them 

the capital of the State, ami then is roat'luxl Bridgeport, opjH>sito tho oity of Harrisbnrg. 



PENNH YL VAMA ILL LUTRA TED. 



'61 



Xot yet jwiHsinj^ tli(! river, liowever, the Xortlicri) Central ntill I«!(!J)h it on the right, 
and prorccds nortiiward along the ea.stern edge of Cumberland eounty, in its eourne 
througli wliich the railroad makes its way between the Husquehanna's broad stream and 
the winding course of the Cono(h)gwinet Creek. The river, along this reach, presents 
corjslant features of interest. Its breadth and consequent shallowness, together with the 
rockiness of its bottom, are such as to prohibit anything that can be called navigation, 
and to necessitate the elaborate system of canals that fblhnv its banks for many miles 
above the point we have now reached. But throughout its most dilTicult passages, at 
fcrlain seasons des(;(;nding rafts are frequently to be met; and th('ir struggles with the 
ra[)i<ls, and the dextrous efforts of (heii- navigators to avoid wreck u[)on the shoals and 
crags over which they are Ijorne at tnjmendous spr-cd, form a hiiihiy cxfiting sj)ectacle. 
'I'o these same peculiarities of (,'on figuration 
are attribiitabh; many of the spring freshets 
for which the 8us(piehanna is iioteil. At 
th(; melting of the snow along its upper 
tributaries, the swoll(;n stream bears down 
immense masses of ice, logs of timlK-r and 
fragtnents of tr(;es, and these, grounding 
upon the obstructions in the bed, form dams 
ext(.'nding from bank to bank, which throw 
back th(! water many feet above its normal 
l(!vel, and inundate low-lying villages, until 
tli(! w(;ight of the flood breaks the barrier, 
and rushes onward, bringing irresistible de- 
struction upon bridg(!s, piers, and all else 
that bars its j)ath. To escape these dangers, 

the track both of railways and wagon-roads has been raised, at exf)osed points, high 
al)ove the reach of the waters, into grooves cut for their reception in the fae(!s c>f the 
mountain. During this part of its course the Northern Central road passes the Fair- 





Dauphin Bridfj'- iM'l ' 'JVC Mourilain. 



32 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 




Cathedral Mountains. 



view Nail-works; crosses the track of the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, which has 
hitherto held a parallel course from Harrisburg, thongli on the eastern side of the river, 
and takes its westward course along what, in days long past, was the favorite Indian 
trail up the romantic valley of the Juniata ; and then, having reached Marysville, at 
the foot of Cove Mountain, six miles above Harrisburg, the Northern Central also enters 
one of these long bridges — from the uncovered central section of which are afforded mag- 
nificent views up and down the river — and emerges at the town of Dauphin. Hence- 
forth the road runs along the eastern bank of the river, side by side with a branch of the 
Pennsylvania Canal, the course of both being in places hewn out of the foot of moun- 
tains that rise from the river's brink. But at Wicomico Creek, near Millersburg, the canal 
ends — on the eastern bank of the river, at least ; for on its farther side it is continued even 
as far as the boundary of New York, to which it formed the travelers' highway in the 
days before railroads. At Millersburg, too, diverges a short railroad to the coal minea 
around Lykcnstown. Continuing its way alone, beside the broad and shallow stream. 




Northumberland, at the Junction of the Branches of the Susquehanna. 

whose flow is interrupted by many a half-sunken rock and wooded island, and passing 
the junctions of two lateral lines that link it with the complicated knot of roads to the 
eastward, in the Lehigh Valley, the Northern Central keeps on its course to its nominal 
terminus — 102 miles from its entrance into Pennsylvania, 138 from its beginning at 
Baltimore — at Sunbury, which is the point of junction of half a dozen lines of rail — of 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTEA TED. 



33 



which those going eastward strike into the very heart of the coal region — and has nearly 
35C0 iuhabita,nts. It is, moreover, the northernmost town on the main stream of the 
Susquehanna ; for two miles beyond it are reached the two great forks of the river — the 
West Branch, which has run a course of 200 miles from its sources in the declivities of 




Susquehanna below "Williannsport. 



the Alleghany Mountains, and the Main, North or East Branch, as it is variously en- 
titled, which takes its rise in Otsego Lake, New York, 250 miles away. Upon the cape- 




Cliffs of Montgomery. 

like point of land formed by the confluence of these two branches, and at the extremity 
of the long bridge leading from Sunbury, is the village of Northumberland, which is 
also the point of junction of the two canals that follow the branches of the Susquehanna, 
and which enjoys one of the most beautiful situations in the State, from its striking com- 
bination of mountain and river scenery. 

At Sunburv the tourist may elect between a varietv of routes. Continuing in his 



34 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 




^A/■illiamsport Saw-mills. 



northern progress, he can take the roads that follow the West Branch into the compara- 
tive wilderness from which 

it emanates, crossing the 
river within sight of the 
bold cliffs of Montgomery, 
hussiny: the foot of the 
mountain, around which 
the river winds in a turn 
so sharp as to form an 
acute angle with its former 
course, and again spanning 
its channel when approach- 
ing Williamsport. This 
West Branch is character- 
ized by the same shallow- 
ness that marks the main 
stream, insomuch that a rise of the waters, sufficient to "bring the logs down" without 
inflicting undue damage, is watched for by the people with the same solicitude that 

elsewhere attends the observations of the 
clouds during harvest-time. Williamsport, 
the principal point on this branch of the 
Susquehanna, is a post-Revolutionary town, 
having been laid out as the county-seat of 
Lycoming county, when the latter was or- 
ganized, in 1795. Thanks partly to its 
healthy situation and the beautiful scenery 
surrounding it, partly to its location as an 
important centre of railroad lines and of 
the lumbering business, its growth of late 
years has been very rapid, its population 
having increased from 1615 in 1850 to 
5664 in 1860, and nearly quadrupled from 
that time to this, for its residents claim for 
it 22,000 inhabitants and upward. Its most 
prominent industry is that of lumbering, 
since there are some fifty lumber manufac- 
tories of one kind and another, thirty of 
these being saw-mills, with an aggregate 
capacity of 225,000,000 feet of lumber 
annually. 

From Williamsport the traveler may 
either follow the Philadelphia and Erie 
Railroad into the o\\ regions, or he may 
imit of the State. The latter route lies up 




Dutchman's Run. 



continue his northward course toward the 1 



PENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. 



35 



the wild valley of Lycoming Creek, througli a region that was originally colonized, 
a decade befoie the Revolution, by a band of Scotch-Irish 
pioneers who plunged boldly into the wilderness, and which 
has been moie recently the scene of extensive but unsuccessful 
attempts at mining operations, whose ruinous failure is still 
attested b} abundant tokens. The Lycoming Valley is ex- 
tiemel} naiiow, rarely if ever exceeding a width of half a mile, 
and lb shut in on either hand by mountain ranges, which, how- 
ever, aie bioken by frequent gorges, the outlets of numerous 
"runs" that swell the volume of the main creek. Many of 
these stieams abound in scenery that may fairly be called 
<-ubliinc — one, for instance, having falls more than fifty feet in 
height, M hich have worn a bed out of the solid rock ; none of 
them as yet are defaced by saw-mills, and they still possess a 
remnant of the abounding supply of trout 
which once attracted hither many lovers of 
sport. Two miles or more beyond Alston- 
ville — a very picturesque but long since de- 
serted mining village, twenty miles north of 
AVilliamsport — the valley has its greatest 
breadth, and the mountains which bound it 
attain the respectable altitude of some 2200 
feet. Here is situated the village of Ralston, 
which possesses a commodious and well-kept 
hotel that has become a favorite summer re- 
sort of Baltimoreans and Philadelphians who 
affect sporting and mountain air. Within an 
easy walk of the house is a notable incline railway, which leads by an inconceivably 
steep ascent, 1000 feet upward, to the mouth of the Mclntyre coal mines. These 
mines are sunk into the side of the mountain which bears the same name, and were at 
one time abandoned because of the thinness of the vein; but of late years thicker strata 
have been discovered, which are 
now worked profitably. Eighteen 
miles beyond Ralston is another 
watering-place, the Minnequa 
Springs, whose medicinal waters 
have caused the spot to be 
thronged during the summer by 
health-seekers. Some forty miles 
beyond Minnequa — during which 
the country changes from a rugged 

wilderness to a placid alternation Minnequa Springs. 

of hill and dale— the New York boundary-line is reached, and the road approaches 
Elmira, the point of junction with the Erie Railway, by which the tourist may take 




Ralston Incline Railway. 




oU 



FENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 




Loekport by Moonlight. 

his way westward ; or continuing his northward progress by the route of the New 
York Central road, through Canandaigua, Rochester, and Loekport, he may reach 
Niagara Falls. 

Instead of diverging at Sunbury into the western or northern routes which have just 
been indicated, one may make that railroad centre his point of departure either into the 
coal regions or into a district which is at once among the most picturesque in Penn- 
sylvania, and the most historically interesting, from the tragic incidents of its early 
settlement and the celebrity given it by Campbell's once popular poem of Gertrude of 
Wyoming. Setting out eastwardly from Northampton, the Lackawanna and Blooms- 
burg Raih'oad runs somewhat back from the canal and the northern bank of the Main 
Branch of the Susquehanna, tlirough a reach of twelve miles, terminating at Danville, 
a town of some 10,000 inhabitants, whose location in the midst of unlimited coal and 
iron makes it an important producer of the latter. Some ten miles farther, at Catawissa 
— which the magnificent surrounding scenery has made a fivorite stopping-point — is the 
junction with roads leading to the Lehigh coal mines. Again, following the bank of 
the river, whose many windings cause it to present the appearance of a succession of lakes, 
fifteen miles farther on you near the grand and rugged front of Wapwollopen Hill, which 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



37 




Catawissa. 



appears to put a limit to the river, until an abrupt turn again reveals it making its way 
from the north, receiving numberless tributary creeks and streamlets, and reflecting the 
vegetation of its banks and the many wooded islets that interrupt its flow. At the end 
of this stretch, and some fifty miles from kSunbury, stands the village of Shickshinny, 
the outer portal of Wyoming. Here the road to the valley enters a narrow moun- 
tain defile, through which the Susquehanna rushes in rapids which bear the name 
of Nanticoke Falls. 
Emerging from this 
defile, the modern 
traveler will enter 
the little coal vil- 
lage of Nanticoke. 
From the heights 
at this point mag- 
nificent vistas of the 
celebrated plains of 
Wyoming are dis- 
closed to the view ; 
but Nanticoke of- 
fers few attractions 
to the tourist, who 

will do better to continue his ride yet another half dozen miles to Kingston — one of the 
memorable sj)ots in Wyoming history— and then to cross the river to Wilkesbarre. 

Wilkesbarre is the largest and most important town in the Valley of Wyoming, its 
population being upward of 5000, while the unusually thick coal-beds surrounding it 
on every side, and the ample facilities for transportation both by canal and rail— of 
which nine or ten large coal mines avail themselves — make it the centre of a consider- 
able business and the seat of numerous manufactories. It was laid out in 1773 by a 
Colonel Durkee, who displayed his ingenuity by combining in its title the names of two 
members of the British Parliament- the notorious Jack Wilkes and Colonel Bm-r^, 
who were at that time in high esteem throughout this country, from their espousal of 
American liberty. Wilkesbarre is chiefly interesting from its associations with the 




Susquehf 



ir Shickshinny. 



38 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 




Susquehanna at Nantieoke. 

famous valley in which it lies. Just back of the town is Prospect Rock — a crag jutting 

from the mountain that forms the eastern limit of the plain ; and from its summit, 

stretching far to north and south, the whole extent of 

Wyoming Valley may be surveyed. Its length from 

north-east to south-west is about twenty-five miles, while 

its breadth between the hills that wall it in on either side 

— the westernmost range being about eight hundred, that 

on the east a thousand, feet in height — averages no more 

than three miles. Its southern limit is marked by the 

mountains between ^ _ 





which lies the entrance 
through Nantieoke Gap. 
On the north it ends at 
Lackawanna Gap, where 
the creek of the same 
name, coming from the 
north-east, enters the 
stream of the Susque- 
hanna, which has hith- 
erto kept a course from 
the north-west — strik- 
ingly parallel, even in its 

curves, with the course Wyoming Valley. 

of the Delaware — but now breaks through a narrow defile of rocky mountains, and turns 
off at a right angle toward the south-west. The height that stands in the fork between 
the two streams, and marks the head of the valley, is known as Campbell's Crag, in 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



39 



commemoration of a Scottish-American hunter who, pursued by Indians, escaped the 
torture he knew to be prepared for him by precipitating him- 
self over its brink. The valley within these distinctly-defined 
limits is seen from Prospect Rock to be, throughout its northern 
section, an extended plain ; toward the south, a series of hills 
that undulate higher and higher toward the Nanticoke Moun- 
tain. Through its centre, though visible only here and there, 
as glimpses can be caught amid the trees, flows the powerful 
current of the Susquehanna, througli a series of bottom-lands 
of extreme fertility that extend for a mile or two back from the 
stream, and are liable to inundation in time of freshets. The 
richness of the soil and the beauty of the surroundings made 
the spot a favorite residence of Indian tribes; and the same 
attractions, in the last century, rendered Wyoming the scene of 
desolating wars, first among its Indian inhabitants, then be- 
tween the rival white claimants of Connecticut and Penn- 
sylvania, whose protracted struggles for the possession form 
one of the most singular chapters in our colonial history. 
Originally the Wyoming Valley was the prop- 
erty of the Delawares — the Lenni Lenapes of 
Cooper's Indian romances — who Avere ultimately 
dispossessed of it by the Six Nations — the Iro- 
quois or Mingoes. The first white man to visit 
the valley is said to have been the famous count 
Zinzendorf, the founder and apostle of the ]Mora- 
vian missions in the New World, who came to 
Wyoming in 1742. 

The first colonization of Wyoming was effected 
in 1762 by a body of about two hundred settlers 
from Connecticut, who established themselves upon the Susquehanna, just above the 
mouth of Mill Creek ; made their clearings and planted their crops, and then Avent back 
to Connecticut for their families, returning again to Wyoming in the early spring of 1763. 
They had been sent out by a corporation called the " Susquehanna Company," formed 
for the purpose of colonizing the western portions of the territory claimed by Connec- 
ticut, but also claimed by the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania. This company liad treated 
successfully for Wyoming Valley with its Indian possessors, despite the vigorous oppo- 
sition of the Pennsylvanians, several years before the first actual settlement, and had at 
the time sent out a band of colonists, agents, and surveyors, who reached their destina- 
tion just after Braddock's defeat, and on account of the belligerent attitude of the 
Indians consequent on this and other successes of the French, prudently returned to 
Connecticut. 

The settlement of 1762 was not a permanency, for on the 14th of October 1763, the 
Indians suddenly fell U])on it, massacring some thirty of the people at noonday in the 
fields. The residue, witnessing the conflagration of their homes as they escaped from 




Falling Spring, Laeka'wanna Creek. 



40 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 




Campbell's Crag. 



the valley, fled to the settlements on the Delaware, sixty miles distant. From the diffi- 
culty of the route and the inclemency of the weather, many of the hundreds of men, 
Avoraeu and children who left Wyominsj perished. The Connecticut company made no 
further efforts for some years, and in 17G8 the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania succeeded 
in purchasing the disputed territory from the Six Nations at a grand Indian council at 
Fort Stanwix, and immediately leased it for seven years, upon condition that the lessees 
should set up a trading-house for the Indians, and should pi'ovide adequate defences 
against all comers. This they proceeded to do, and in January 1769, took possession 
of the valley. Meanwhile, the Susquehanna company had sent forward a body of forty 
pioneers, to be followed by two hundred more in the spring. The "forty" arrived just 
as the Pennsylvanians had completed their fortifications, which were defended by a little 
garrison of ten. After various vicissitudes, the Connecticut men got possession and 
erected " Fort Forty," on the west bank of the Susquehanna, about two miles above the 
future site of Wilkcsbarre, and by the arrival of strong I'einforccments later in the 
season -were enabled to supplement it by a regular military defence called "Fort 
Durkee." The struggle between the two colonies continued with varying success until, 
by the close of 1771, all Pennsylvania forces were withdrawn, and the Connecticut men, 
now in strong numbers, held unopposed possession of the valley. In 1775, however, 
hostilities again broke out, and the governor of Pennsylvania sent a large force against 
Wyoming, which was defeated and compelled to return. 

Upon the Declaration of Indcjiendcnce the Wyoming settlements ])atriotically sent 
off the flower of their male population to the Revolutionary army, lca\'ing the valley 
almost defenceless against attacks by the Tories and their Indian allies, who began to 
assume a highly menacing attitude. Against this community — whose defenders were 
mostly those too young or too old for the regular service, wholly destitute of artillery 



PENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTllA TED. 



41 



and iil/iiost witlioiit small arms, their only strongholds the slight stockades dignified by 
the name of forts — (Jolonel John _- 

Jintler, iji 1778, organized at _ £?^=r«^;Hp#i^^<^^ 

Niagara an expedition of" about 
eight hundred British regulars, 

Tories and Seneea Indians. They , "^ 

arrived at Wyoming on the 2d 
of July, and established them- 
selves at Fort Winternioot, on the 
land of a rich Tory of that name, 
a short distance above Wilkes- 
barre, and on the opposite side of 
the river. At their aj)[)roaeh the 
Wyoming militia, numbering less 
than four hundrexl m(!n, gathered 
at Foi't Forty, inidway between 
the village and the British camp. 
The command was awarded to 
Colonel Zebulon Butler, an offi- 
cer in the Continental army who 
chanced to be at home ; and upon 
the arrival of five other regular 
oificers who had hastened to the 
defence of their homes, it was de- 
termined to march against the in- 
vaders rather than to await them 
within the fortifif rations. C)n the 

3d of July, accordingly, the Amer- Wyoming Valley, from the North-east. 

icans attempted to surprise the enemy ; but their advance being discovered, they were re- 
ceived by the British drawn up in line. On the right, nevertheless, where the American 
Butler commanded in person, the enemy were driven back ; but on the left, the line — 
terminating in a swamp readily penetrated by the Indians — was outflanked. Colonel 
Dennison, commanding the left wing, ordered his men to fall back ; but the order was 

mistaken for one to retreat, and produced a confusion 
which the consequent rush of the savagcrs converted into 
a rout that soon also involved the originally victorious 
right wing. In the flight the Indians slaughtered all 
who came in their way, except such as they reserved for 
subsequent torture, and al)out three hundred, or three- 
fourths of the entire force, perished. Of tiie rest some 
escaped to the mountains, while others swam the river 
and nniehed Wilkesbarrc Fort, where the women and 

^ frhildren were assembled. So fearful seemed the pros- 

Wyoming Battle-ground. pcct of trusting to tlic slight defences of this stockade 




.e^"-" 



'^'- ■^'- OLDEN , 



\ 



8US0UEHAW^ 



42 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



that most of them set out for the wilderness, plunging into a swamp which has since 
been known, from their fate, as " The Shades of Death." The Indians spent the night 
in torturing their captives, and on the following morning (July 4) the English leader 
appeared before the fort, demanding its surrender. Colonel Dorrance, the commander, 
being able to oppose no resistance, (apitulated upon condition that the settlers should 
retain peaceable possession of their farms ; but no sooner was the fort given up than 
every house not belonging to a Tory was fired by the Indians, and all the twenty-threo 
residences of which Wilkesbarre then consisted were burned. Though no further mas- 
sacre took place, the destruction of the colony was complete, and the remnant of the 

inhabitants were forced to make their way on 
foot to the settlements on the Delaware — a jour- 
ney in which many perished. 

Thus was thoroughly broken up the painfully 
established colony of Wyoming; and although 
some of the fugitives shortly after returned and 
rebuilt their homes, very little progress was 
made until the close of the M'ar. Even then 
renewed hostilities broke out between Connecti- 
cut and Pennsylvania, forming what was known 
as the " Pennamite and Yankee War," and it was 
not until the commencement of the new century 
that the sujjremacy of Pennsylvania and the 
establishment of peace was finally accomplished. 



A monument commemorating the battle and 

massacre of Wyoming stands near the highway 

a short distance south of the village of Troy, 

near the point where the pursuit of the enemy 

was stayed and upon the spot where the remains 

Wyoming Monument. ^^^f ^|^g victims wcrc laid in a commou grave. 

It was erected by the '' Luzerne Monumental Association," formed by the women of 

Wyoming, and is a granite obelisk upon which are inscribed the circumstances of the 

battle and the names of those who fell. 





The Lehigh Valley 

AM) THE 

LEHIGH COAL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



AS the bulk of the coal deposits of the State are in the section now treated upon, 
they will be specially referred to in this connection. The first discovery of 
anthracite coal dates back to 1768, and the first known use of it as an article of domestic 
fuel was in 1808. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War it was used for manu- 
facturing purposes in the Government arsenal at Carlisle, and in 1810 was sold in 
Columbia at from $8 to $10 per ton. The first discovery in the Lehigh region was in 
1791, and in 1793 the Lehigh Coal Mine Company was formed, controlling GOOO acres 
of land, now the property of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. This com- 
pany was originally comj)osed of Robert Morris, J. Anthony Morris, Charles Cist, 
Jacob Weiss and Michael Hillegas. The improvement of the river navigation, and the 
construction of the Lehigh Canal and the State Canal along the Delaware, and the sub- 
sequent building of two lines of railroads from this coal-field, gave the miners and 
manufacturers cheap and rapid transportation for the products of their labor. The 
southern coal-field, to which attention is now invited, is seventy-three miles in length, 
and an average of two miles in breadth. It begins on the Lehigh River in a sharp, 
narrow point, and widens toward the west. Its area is 146 square miles, and the 
estimated production in 1873 was 4,110,374 tons, including both for foreign and for 
domestic consumption. 

Visitors to the Lehigh region from Philadel|)hia will find the shortest route to be by 
the North Penn Railroad, the depot being corner of Berks and American streets. For 
some fifteen miles it ])asses within the corporate limits of the city, the first station of 
importance being Gwynedd, a Welsh settlement with a population of over 2000; near 
this place the road passes through a fine tunnel, one of the most extensive and costly 
Avorks on the whole line. Sellersville, thirty-two miles from Philadelphia, and Heller- 
town, fifty miles, are the only other points of im])ortance before reaching Bethlehem, one 
of the most beautiful places in this section of the State, and rich in historical memories. 
It is the principal seat of the United Brethren, or Moravians, and was originally settled 
under Count Zinzendorf in 1741. 

The name of Bethlehem was given by Count Zinzendorf in commemoration of the 
first Christmas-eve service held by the Moravians, in 1741. The old buildings still 
remain, and are objects of much curiosity to travelers. Tiie Sisters' and Widows' houses, 
devoted to aged and infirm women, still preserve their primitive interior arrangements 
— such as broad oaken stairc^ases, flagged pavements, small windows and low ceilings. 
Additional historical interest attaches to this ])lace from its connection with the Revo- 

43 



44 



FENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



liition. It was here, after the passage of the Dehiware, that General Washington sent 
his liospital and supplies, and the siek and wounded reeeived every attention from the 
charitable Moravians. The old Sun tavern, still extant, prides itself on having had for 
guests Washington, Adams, Franklin, Lafayette, Pulaski, Hancock, Gates and others 
iiunous in the early history of our country. Count Pulaski received from the Moravian 
sisters a handsome embroidered bannei-, which was carried at the head of his regiment, 
and after his death was preserved, and is now treasured in the rooms of the Savannah 




"SXyXk- '^ *i -, l.-li<*'l»^ \ , ^ lMHrf--^f^,l 1 



^ XJt-^ ''^' ^l'to« 



Bethlehem. 

Historical Society. Bethlehem is noted as the location of several large manufacturing 
establishments well worthy a visit from those intcM'csted in such matters. The Beth- 
lehem Iron Foundry is the largest of these, having a capacity of 30,000 tons jier 
aiimim. Its consumption of raw materials is 70,000 tons of Pennsylvania hematite 
and New Jersey magnetic ore, and 75,000 tons of coal, and it is also capable of turning 
out 600 tons of steel rails per week. The Lehigh Zinc Company have a very large 
(establishment, employing some 700 men, the yield of white oxide being .3500 tons per 
annum. Bethlehem is rapidly increasing in popnlation, and is well built and supplied 
with water and gas. At South Bethlehem is established the Lehigh University, 
founded l)y the lion. Asa Packer, of Mauch Chunk — an institution Mdiich oifers more 
liberal advantages to students than any other in the United States, the tuition being 
entirely free. Dr. Copp6e, the president, is w(>ll known for his literary ability and 
scientific attainments. 

Soon af>er leaving Bethlehem the city of All(Mitown is reached, situated at the junc- 
tion of the Lehigh River with the I/ittle Lehigh and Jordan Creek. It is a beautiful 
city, built uj)on an eminence; the streets are well laid out, and many of the houses verv 
pretty; several mineral springs may be ibund near Allentown. It has many advantages 



PENNS YL VA MA ILL USTRA TED. 



4;") 



as a iiianufacturinj^ town, and its situation in the midst of a rich agricultural district — 
its nearness to valuable beds of ii'on ore, ziuc, limestone, cement, etc. — its railroad and 
canal accommodations — all point it out as the seat of a large city, the present pitpulation 
being over 15,000, The Allentown Rolling-mill is well known for its manulacturc of 
rails, of which its capacity will soon equal the production of 30,000 tons, and in addition 
4000 tons of bar iron and 4000 tons of bolts, nuts, etc., etc. The Female College occu- 
])ies a beautiful and healthful site in the north-eastern part of the city, and among the 
other public buildings may be mentioned the Oi^era-IIouse, County Jail, Odd- l'\'l lows 
and Masonic Halls. 

Leaving Allentown, we pass Catasauqua and Hokendauqua, both manuiacturing 
towns (^'considerable importance, the latter known as the location of the Thomas Iron- 
works, said to be the largest and most complete in the United States, the amount of coal 
consumed being estimated at over 100,000 tons per annum. 

Slatington, the next [)la('e of importance, is, as its name indicates, located in the most 
extensive slate region ever discovered, the various quarries employing over 600 men, 
and shi[)ping in 1872 nearly 



100,000 squares of slate for roof- 
ing, schools and other purposes. 
At Lehigh Gap the river forces 
itself through the Blue Moun- 
tains, which form the dividing 
line between Carbon county and 
Northamj)ton and Lehigh coun- 
ties. The scenery at this point 
is truly sublime, and there are 
many points of interest to attract 
the traveler and compensate! for 
a few days' delay in this region. 
Still farther on, and near Mauch 
Chunk, are the boroughs of Le- 
highton and Weinport. There 
is nmcli of historical interest in 
this section : it was here that the 
fugitives from Wyoming located, 
and there are many legends rela- 
tive to their hardships. Here 
again the Moravians chose their 
homes and established the mis- 
sion among the Indians known 
as Gnadenhiitten in 1746. After 
Braddock's defeat, and in 1755, 
the mission-house was attacked 







The Lehigh Gap. 

and burnt by the French and Indians and many of the settlers cruelly murdered, and even 
as late as 1780 a family was taken away into caj)tivity by the Indians. At Packerton are 



46 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



located extensive shops of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, employing over 
500 men. 

Mauch Chunk (Indian for "Bear Mountain"), on the Lehigh, is noted as being in the 
midst of some of the wildest and most picturesque sceneiy in America. This town was 
first settled in 1815, and has become the centre of coal operations for the Lehigh region. 

It is surrounded 
by mountains ris- 
ing abruptly from 
700 to 1000 feet, 
and is situated in 
the midsi% of ex- 
tensive coal-beds. 
Coal was prigin- 
ally discovered in 
this neighborhood 
as early as 1791, 
and in 17 92 a com- 
pany was formed 
under the name 
of the Lehigh 
Coal Company. 
This company, 
without charter 
or incorporation, 
took up some 
1 0,000 acres of un- 
located land, in- 
cludingtheSharpe 
Mountain, where 
the first indica- 
tions of coal were 
discovered. The 
celebrity of the Le- 
high coal is very 
extensive, from 
^°^<=i- the fact that it is 

the hardest known anthracite in the world. The bed 
upon the top of the Mauch Chunk Mountain is fifty- 
three feet in thickness — exceeding in this respect any 
layer or vein yet discovered. In 1820, three hundred 
and eighty-five tons completely stocked the market ; now the Lehigh Coal and Naviga- 
tion Company alone reaches sometimes as much as 18,000 tons per week. 

With such constantly augmenting wealth seeking shipment and general management 
at this jwint, Mauch Chunk, despite the natural difficidties in the way, has continued to 




PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



47 



o;ro\v and improve with remarkable rapidity. The town itself is built at the confluence 
of a creek of the same name with the Lehigh, an(| can now only enlarge itself by ex- 
cavating sites from the precipitous rocks with which the narrow gorge abounds. About 
200 feet above there is a level of several hundred acres, whereon stands a portion of the 
town called Upper Mauch Chunk. The street scenes in this town are very quaint : it is 
but one street wide, and the valley is so narrow that the houses are crowded up against 
the hillside, with outhouses and gardens perched above the roofs. The town is very much 
resorted to in summer and autumn months by lovers of pleasure and comfort. In every 
direction the scenery is most picturesque and entertaining, giving deservedly to the place 
the name of the " Switzerland of America." It is well supplied with gas and pure 
water. The shipping of the coal from the mines at Summit Hill, and the maintenance? 
of the general offices of the two railroad companies and of several collieries, make it a 
place of great business and industry, and it supports tvvo National banks, with an aggre- 
gate capital of $550,000, and one savings' bank. The population is about 7000. 

The Mansion House at Mauch Chunk is one of the most extensive and complete 
hotels in the State. It is located on the bank of the Lehigh, and the traveler may 
amuse himself for hours in watch- 
ing the enchanting panorama spread 
out before him as he sits in the 
spacious piazza of this hotel; the 
sparkling, swift, roaring Lehigh, 
sweeping at this point in a splen- 
did curve, is crowded into the nar- 
row foreground of a picture whose 
solemn background of lofty moun- 
tains obtains by contrast a more im- 
pressive silence and majesty. The 
Mansion House has rooms for 450 
guests, and a dining-hall which 
will seat nearly 500 persons. The 
healthful surroundings, the airy 
rooms, the excellent beds, all dis- 
pose visitors to a sound sleep, 
whence, rising in the morning, the 
exhilarating spectacle becomes even 
more enjoyable to them in its new 
garb of light and shadow. The 
attractions of this neighborhood to 
the trout-fisher are very great, and 
in the months of May and June the disciples of Izaak Walton may be seen in every 
direction. 

The name of Asa Packer is specially connected with all the great enterprises of this 
section of Pennsylvania. Judge Packer is now a resident of Mauch Chunk, and his 
spacious mansion, abounding with beautiful walks, terraces and gardens made from the 




Mansion House, Maueh Chunk. 



48 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 




Residences of Asa Packer and John Leisenring. 



"iigged and unpromising mountain-side, is an object that at once attracts the admiration 
of the stranger. Judge Packer is president of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and also 

United States Com- 
missioner for the State 
of Pennsylvania for 
the Centennial Inter- 
national Exhibition of 
1876. In both of these 
official positions Judge 
Packer exhibits an 
amount of energy and 
industry which could 
be worthily followed 
by much younger men. 
In the Lehigh Uni- 
versity he will leave 
an imperishable record 
which will ever keep 
his name bright in the 
memories of future 
generations. 

To the traveler the 

scene from the top of Mount Pisgah is most attractive. The view of Mauch Chunk 
resting beneath the shadows of the mountains, with the Lehigh River winding its way 
at its base, and alive on either side with the steam-cars and canal-boats; the succession 
of mountain ridges rising range after range; the distant view of the Delaware Water Gap, 
with occasional glimpses of intervening fields and hamlets, and tiie much more distant 
view of Schooley's Mountains, — this and much more that cannot be described combine 
to make this panorama one of almost matchless beauty and grandeur. A notable feature 
in connection with Mount Pisgah is the Switchback, or gravity road. Although spe- 
cially intended for the traffic in coal, yet arrangements have been made for the comfort- 
able accommodation of travelers, and tiie Switchback excursion is one of the features of 
summer travel. The empty cars ascend Mount Pisgah by means of an inclined plane 
with a stationary engine at the top, the ascent being 700 feet in 2340; tlie cars then, 
over a downward grade, proceed by their own weight to Summit Hill, and thence to 
the mines in the valley; the loaded cars, by other inclined planes, are lifted to the 
sunnnit and then run by gravity the entire distance to the river, where they are dis- 
charged into waiting boats. The distance from the foot of Mount Pisgah to the summit 
is 2322 feet, find a double track has been constructed with great care and strength. 

Owing to the large number of excursionists that visit Mauch Chunk and the Switch- 
back, arrangements have been made to give up this mode of locomotion entirely to the 
[)lcasurc-seekers. Recently a tunnel has been driven for about a mile through the 
Ncs(piehoning Mountain, from the Panther Creek Valley, and it is the purpose of the 
company to ship its coal hereafter to Mauch Chunk by this route, thus leaving the 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



49 



Switchback road for passenger travel exclusively. The cars are made very comfortable 
and will accommodate some twenty persons each, and each car is directed by a conductor, 

who sits in 
f r n t and 
holds a brake 
or lever with 
which to re- 
tard the speed 
if necessary. 
The ride is 
nearly all the 
way through 
the woods, 
with occa- 
sional views 
of great beau- 
ty. On return- 
ing to Mauch 
Chunk, the ride of nine 
miles from Summit Hill 
is made in nine minutes. 
There is something very 
fascinating:: in this mode of locomotion ; and being 
perfectly safe, the Switchback and its surround- 
ings are becoming one of the most popular of 
summer resorts. 

As already stated, Mauch Chunk is the centre 
"The Flagstaff of Maueh Chunk. ^f ^j^g Lehigh coal trade, and until the year 1847 
the Lehigh company procured all the coal which they sent to market from their cele- 
brated 0})en quarry on the summit of Sharpe Mountain, being the identical vein or 
deposit originally discovered by Ginther. This quarry for many years constituted a 
great curiosity, and in connection with the gravity railway attracted thousands of 
visitors. The vein of coal, including the accompanying seams of slate, was at one spot 
nearly seventy feet in thickness, though the average did not probably exceed fifty feet. 
The excavated portion embraces an area of ten acres, and from this source there were 
mined and sent away about 850,000 tons of coal. Estimated at the ordinary value of 
coal as it lies in the ground — viz., thirty cents per ton — the revenue actually derived 
from these ten acres would be $255,000, or $25,000 per acre. In the process of mining 
the vein is usually left untouched for a distance of some thirty-five feet on each side of 
the slope, so as to give it additional strength and permanency, as, in an extensive estab- 
lishment and a good vein, its use may be required for a long series of years. A pillar 
of coal, for the like reason, is left standing along the upper side of the gangway, but 
above and beyond it all the coal to within some twenty feet of the surface is worked out. 
The arrangement for working is simple; two miners and a laborer generally work in 

4 




50 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTMA TED. 



a breast or slope which is usually forty feet in width. They first make an incision 
through the gangway jjillar, which serves both to give them entrance to the breasts and 

as a shute for the excavated coal, 
after which they cut away all the 
coal to the full width of the breast, 
and as they pursue it toward the 
surface it slides down behind them 
through the shutes and into the 
cars in the gangway. As fast as 
the coal is extracted the roof and 
overhanging rock are supported 
either by wooden props or by suf- 
fering small pillars of coal to re- 
main. Pillars are especially neces- 
sary when the vein is a large one, 
and there is consequently a con- 
siderable waste of coal in working 
such veins. Those of from eight 
to ten feet are, upon the whole, 
most desirable on the score of 
economy. From ten to fifteen 
breasts are worked simultaneously 
in mines of ordinary capacity, 
while the gangways are always 

Mount Pisgah Plane, Maueh Chunk. ^gjj^g CXtcnded, SO tliat by the 

time the first breasts are exhausted another series will be ready. When all the coal of 
the level is taken out, the slope has to be sunk down to another, whereupon the same 
arrangements are repeated. And thus the mine sinks down deeper and deeper, until 
finally, with the increase of friction and the difficulty of ventilation, it is unable to 






View in the Open Quarry. 



Outcrop of a Coal Mine. 



PENNS YL VA NIA ILL USTRA TED. 



51 




Coal- breaker, and Entrance to the 
Mine. 

track. The coal being now safely 
arrived at the surface, the car is de- 
tached from the rope, puslied to a 
sideling track, and an empty one re- 
turned to its place and hooked to the 
rope. Another loaded car being by 
this time again in readiness below, 
the bell-pull is drawn, and the same 
movement occurs. This process of 
hoisting and lowering the cars is 
always going on during the day and 
sometimes at night. The time occu- 
pied for bringing up a car rarely ex- 
ceeds a minute, which includes the 
attaching and detaching of the cars 
from the rope. When from one to 
two hundred tons are shipped daily 



maintain its 
profits, and its 
abandonment 
follows as a 
matter of ne- 
cessity. 

Going now 

to the shutes in 

the gangway, 

we find the cars 

loaded with 

coal. The mules 

will draw a 

train of three 

or four of them 

_ to the foot of 

II the slope, where 

they are left, 

H and as many 

empty ones hauled back. One of the loaded cars 

is pushed upon a horizontal revolving platform by 

a person stationed there for the purpose, and then 

turning it round so as to connect with the rails of 

the slope-road, the bell-pull is drawn, to give, the 

engineer above notice that all is ready, when the 

steam-power is applied, and the loaded car hoisted 

up, while an ciunty one descends on the other 




A Coal-breaker. 



52 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 




St. Mark's Church, Maucli Cliunk. 



from a mine, it will be perceived that it is neces- 
sary this part of the work should be done with as 

much rapidity as possible. 

The coal-breaker is always an important and 

conspicuous object in connection with a mine. 

Here the coal is broken and screened into the 

various sizes required by the consumer, and the 

})rocess is performed with wonderful celerity and 

exactness. The breaker is erected as near to the 

mouth of the slope as the nature of the ground 

will admit, and considerable elevation is required 

to bring the coal to the top of the rollers without 

resorting to machinery for hoisting it up. In 

some instances it is erected directly at the mouth 

of the slope, and the coal hoisted into it ; but as 

provision has to be made for the disposal of the 

slate which accumulates in the mine, there is 

probably little gained by this arrangement. The 

coal-breaker is of course operated by steam, the capacity of the engines varying from 

ten to twenty horse-power, and they are constructed on the same plan as those used at 

the slopes. As the coal falls from the screens, boys are stationed in the shutes to pick 

out the slate and impure coal, and it is truly astonishing to observe with what activity 

they wall discover and seize the 
proscribed intruders. There are 
usually two sets of screens and 
shutes at every breaker, ready in 
case of accident. The shutes will 
hold from three to five hundred 
tons, and they are filled at least 
once a day during the season of 
navigation. 

Pennsylvania, of itself, has a 
greater area of coal than all Eng- 
land, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, 
Spain, France and Belgium united. 
It is only exceeded by the British 
provinces, whose coal is but the 
terminus of our own formation. 
While they contain a coal area of 
18,000 square miles, Pennsylvania 
has a surface of not quite 14,000, 
or nearly one-third of the whole 
area of the State. Large as this 

Chameleon Falls, Glen Onoko. body of COal kud SCCmS, SOmC of 




PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



53 



the other States exceed it, thougli 
none of them have anything like 
the number of distinct coal veins 
or affiJ-reo-ate thickness of coal. It 
is estimated that we have in all 
the States of the Union upward 
of 150,000 square miles of coal; 
but Pennsylvania is the only State 
which affords all the different va- 
rieties — as red, gray and white ash, 
anthracite and semi-bituminous, 
bituminous and cannel coal. Our 
anthracite fields are the great de- 
positories of that description of 
fossil fuel on the globe; and as 
they are nowhere surpassed in 
quality, quantity or accessibility 
of the coal, they must ultimately 
be looked to for the supplies of 
a large portion of the civilized 
world. 

We must not leave Mauch Chunk without 





Terrace FaUs; Glen Onoko. 



Onoko FaUs, Glen Onoko. 

calling attention to the picturesque church 
so well known as St. Mark's, the 
architecture of which attracts the 
observation of all visitors, who 
are made more than welcome to 
its Sunday services. 

Glen Onoko is a special object 
of attraction in the vicinity of 
Mauch Chunk, and has lately 
been made so convenient of access 
that it is now deservedly at- 
tracting large numbers of visitors 
throughout the year. It is a 
striking freak of nature, and re- 
veals pictures of grandeur and 
mao;nificence not often excelled. 
Its course is westerly, and the 
total ascent over 900 feet. It 
forms the channel for a pure and 
limpid stream, whicli follows its 
eccentric course over innume- 
rable cascades and rapids until it 
empties into the Lehigh. 



54 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



A short walk on either side of the stream brings us in full view of the Chameleon 
Falls, some forty or fifty feet in height, and deriving their name from their changing 
form when viewed from different points. Seen from the rustic bridge just below the 
falls, they have the appearance of a veil composed of fretted silver. They have been 
poetically termed the " Veil of Wenonah," and are considered one of the most pleasing 
features of the glen. The Pulpit Rocks, some twenty feet high, and covered with deli- 
cate moss and ferns, are worthy objects of attention. There are many beautiful cascades, 
such as the Crystal, Mossy and Laurel, each having its distinctive elements, and all 
combined forming a scene worthy the pencil of Richards or Gignoux. In the " Heart 
of the Glen," and immediately adjoining the stairway cascades, may be found the best 
and most complete view, including not only the Chameleon Falls, but also the Onoko 
Falls, some distance beyond ; and this double vista is rich with a diversity of beauty 
not easy to describe. 

By an attractive walk we soon arrive at the Falls of Onoko, which are a special 
object of attraction to the visitor; their height is from 90 to 100 feet, and their 
attraction to all lovers of natural beauty is universally admitted. The overhanging 
rocks on each side are covered with moss and fern, with now and then a tree jutting 
forth from out their apparently sterile embrace, and all forming a beautiful framework 
to the dashing and sparkling waters which have been for ages striving to find an outlet 

from their mountain source. Be- 
fore mounting the declivity which 
leads to the top of the fall, the 
tourist will do Avell to pass some 
time in examining the singular 
formation of the rock and many 
other interesting objects clustered 
together at that particular point. 
Proceeding to Sunrise Point, we 
cross the stream above the fall, and 
soon stand upon an eminence where 
we gaze upon a scene almost un- 
rivaled. You look over the dark 
recesses of the glen through which 
you have i)assed and gaze upon a 
view of great beauty, the Lehigh 
lliver running almost at your feet. 
The Terrace Falls, or Cascade, 
also presents many points of beauty 
to the admiring visitor; it seems 
to trip daintily from rock to rock 
till merged in the torrent below. 

A very ])leasant trip can be made 

from Mauch Chunk vid the Nes- 

Nesquehoning Bridge. quehoniug Valley Brauch Railroad 




PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



bo 



to Tainanend and return. The scenery is wild and picturesque, and the bridge over 
which the train passes has great local celebrity as the highest bridge in the country ; 
it is flung from one mountain to another at an elevation of one hundred and sixty- 
eight feet above the Little Schuylkill, an insignificant stream flowing through a deep 
gorge; its length is eleven hundred feet, and the view on each side from its platform is 
one worth going all the way to see. Although the great height of the bridge w^ould 
seem to indicate a certain degree of danger in running trains across it, yet it is built 
with so much care and regard for security that the traveler may give himself up to the 
enjoyment of the superb spectacle without a thought of solicitude, for his j^ersonal 
safety. 

From iSrauch Chunk to White Haven the scenery along the river is magnificently 
wild and picturesque. The dark waters of the Lehigh, dyed almost to a black by 
the sap of the hemlock pervad- ^^^^ _ ,^--_ -_^ _ 






4 



ing them, everywhere enclosed 
by hills from 300 to 700 
feet in height, and confined to 
a channel scarcely 300 feet 
wide, rush noisily and rapidly 
through a most circuitous route 
— perhaps the most irregular 
and rugged mountain region 
in the State. The curves are 
so constant and so abrupt that 
there is a continuous change of 
views, and some of the bends 
in the river describe nearly 
complete circles. In looking 
ahead, at times it seems almost 
impossible for the river to find 
its outlet. Hardly a spot of 
arable ground is to be seen, 
the hills sinking sheer to the 
water's edge, interspersed with 
cloves and gorges and tribu- 
tary streams, and now and then 
with beautiful ^vaterfalls, and 
spotted at intervals with tall, 

caunt and leafless trunks of view south from the Tresthng, Mount Pisgah. 

withered pines. The geologist and botanist M^ould feel himself amply repaid by a 
leisurely examination of the many forms of rocks and plants found here in luxurious 
abundance. Everywhere traces are to be seen of the devastating freshet of 1862 in 
the ruins of locks and dams and banks, comprising at one time the upper division 
of the canal of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, but which has never been 
rebuilt north of Mauch Chunk, 




56 



Fl^NNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



Stony Creek, passed soon after leaving Mauch Chunk, is one of the most beautiful 
and romantic streams in the State, abounding throughout its whole length in scenery 

of the wildest grandeur. It is a 
favorite resort for trout-fishers, 
who, in the appropriate season, 
find good sport in its waters. It 
is also much frequented by picnic 
parties, attracted by the beautiful 
scenery and the many secluded 
spots seemingly destined by nature 
for our enjoyment. A large amount 
of lumber is turned out annually 
by the mills on this stream. 

Rockport is situated on the op- 
posite side of the river from the 
station, in a very picturesque ra- 
vine. Before the freshet of 1862 it 
was the shipping-point of the Buck 
Mountain Coal Company, whose 
extensive mines are situated four 
miles distant. Mud Run and 
Hickory Run are depots for the 
lumber trade of the two streams, 
and fishermen will find good sport 
in their waters. The population 
is confined to such families as are 
connected with employment in the 
saw-mills. Tannery is the name 
A View on Stony Creek of ^ thriving Settlement first made 

in 1855, and containing the largest and most extensive tannery (with one exception) in 
the State, the main building being seven hundred feet in length. Its capacity is over 
fifty thousand hides per annum, and permanent employment is found for nearly one 
hundred men. There are also large steam saw-mills, with a combined capacity of 
nearly nine million feet per annum. 

White Haven, the next point of importance after leaving Mauch Chunk, is specially 
noted for its large lumber business, it being the chief d^pot on the Lehigh. This town 
was first settled in 1835, and named after Josiah White, the superintendent of the Le- 
high Coal and Navigation Company. Until the freshet of 1862 entirely destroyed the 
canal, it was the head of slackwater navigation, and, as such, was a shipping-point of 
great activity. Soon after the completion of the canal, a packet-boat was run from 
White Haven to Mauch Chunk, and another from the latter place to Easton, which 
mode of traveling continued fi)r several years, and amid such scenery as then abounded 
along the whole route, in even wilder grandeur than now exists, could not but have 
been greatly enjoyed. The fatal flood of 1862 has given a painful notoriety to White 




PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



57 



Haven. After heavy rains for several preceding days, the Lehigh, swollen with its 
many tributaries and reinforced by the giving way of dam after dam, with their vast 

accumulation 
of lumber and 
debris, soon 
became irre- 
sistible, and 
from White 
Haven to 
Easton its 
banks were 
the scene of 
total devasta- 
tion. The 
water rose, it 
is computed, 
thirty feet 
above low- 
water mark, 
and with im- 
mense rapid- 
ity, in some 
places as quickly as nine feet in 
five minutes. Every bridge across the 
river, as far as the Delaware, was totally 
carried away, except those at the Lehigh 
Gap, Bethlehem and Easton. Dwelling- 
houses and other buildings were swept 

off bodily, with all their inmates and 

''^i -^^^^^^I^^^^^^^^^S/^^^' contents, until they were safely grounded 
^vl;^. '''4^" l^^^^^^^^^^ranSw^^ or wrecked. It has been estimated that 

The Nescopee Valley, from Prospect Roek. ^.j^^^.^ ^^^^ ^^ J^^^g^ ^^^ hundred and 

fifty lives lost, in addition to more than thirty million feet of lumber, one hundred and 
fifty canal boats, etc. The loss in dollars and cents has been set down at $2,500,000. 
The destruction between Mauch Chunk and Allentown was so great that it involved 
the labor of between two and three thousand men and five hundred horses and mules 
for nearly four months before navigation was resumed. In Philadelphia and elsewhere 
prompt and liberal subscriptions were made for the relief of the surviving sufferers, the 
funds being judiciously distributed by a committee selected from among gentlemen re- 
siding along the I^ehigh. Immense quantities of rafts and logs may be seen floating 
upon the surface of the ponds, formed by two large dams across the river ; and on an 
average, in the spring, there are from twenty-five to thirty million of feet of lumber 
in the pool above the town. The present population of White Haven is about 1500. 
At White Haven, visitors to the Upper Lehigh chauge cars and take the Nescopee 




58 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



Railroad, a short run of nine miles, to one of the most beautiful views in this entire 

region. At the terminus of 
p, this road is a coal-breaker, 
one of the best in the anthra- 
cite region, shipping five 
thousand tons of coal a week, 
a good hotel, and a row of 
miners' houses, which com- 
prises the population of the 
station. From this point it 
is neces- 




Clou.d. Point. 

ing on the verge of a precipice with a sheer descent into 
a tremendous abyss, the first sensation is of fear, but it 
is soon lost in the sight of the glorious panorama extend- 
ing on every side as far as the eye can reach. 

On the other side of the glen may be found another 
projection, well entitled Cloud Point, for it often hap- 
pens to the visitor that its top is shrouded in filmy 
vapor. The view from this point is of equal beauty, 
although to a certain extent covering the same field of 
vision. There are, in fact, few finer spectacles than a 
sharp thunder-storm as seen from hero. The chasm 
between Prospect Rock and Cloud Point is named Glen 

T'K^^ : 1 r T\ • 1 mi ,7 • n ^ Amber Cascade, Glen Tliomas. 

ihomas, ni honor of David Thomas, the pioneer of the 

iron trade on the Lehigh. It is a beautiful spot, with many picturesque attractions, 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



59 



amons: the most noticeable of which is the Amber Cascade, a beautiful fall of water 
much admired by all visitors. The rays of the sun are so long in reaching this glen 
that in the month of May miniature glaciers may be found, formed by the water fall- 
ino- over the rocks, the ice three feet and more in thickness, and so solid that a pistol- 
ball fired at it point-blank rebounds as from a rock, while not a hundred yards away 
May flowers are blooming in fragrant abundance. 

The traveler, after spending a proper time in viewing the beauties of this route, will 
close his trip on the Lehigh Valley Railroad by retm-ning to Bethlehem, and from 
there to Easton, the termination of the road. 

Freemansburg is the first station, and from its heights may be seen one of the most 
picturesque views on the line of the railroad ; it is entitled the Gem of the Valley, and 
fairly merits its name. The plateau on the top of the hill is a well-known and favorite 




The Gem of the Valley. (From Freemansburg, looking nortli.) 



place of resort for picnic parties. Freemansburg is a pretty and thriving borough, 
named after Mr. Jacob Freeman; was settled in 1830 and incorporated in 1854. The 
Northampton Iron Company have lately erected here a furnace sixty-five feet high and 
sixteen feet back, having a capacity of two hundred tons per week, and employing about 
one hundred hands. 

It was at a short distance above Freemansburg that the Indian path crossed the I^e- 
high, upon which the famous walk was performed in 1727. In the summer of that 
year the Indians agreed, in pursuance of a former unfulfilled contract with William 
Penn, to grant as much land north of where Wrightstown, in Bucks county, now 
stands, as would be included in a walk of a day and a half. The proprietaries, Thomas 
and John Penn, at once advertised for three expert walkers, one of whom (Edward 
Marshall) accomplished a distance of seventy-four miles within the given time, ending 



60 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



his walk, on a spur of the second, or " Broad," mountain. The Indians were very much 
dissatisfied and exasperated at the result of the walk, denouncing it as a fraud ; this 
controversy resulted finally in a war which lasted from 1755 to 1758, during which 
many cruel murders were committed, but the Indians were at length compelled to yield 
the territory. 

Redington is the next station, and here also the scenery is particularly beautiful. 
The Coleraine Iron Company have recently erected at this point two stacks eighteen 
by sixty and seventeen by sixty feet respectively, with a capacity of five hundred tons 
per week, and giving employment to nearly two hundred men. 

Glendon, known as the location of the extensive works of the Glendon Iron Com- 
j)any, is the next point of interest. The amount of material consumed annually by 
this company is as follows: 100,000 tons iron ore, 85,000 tons coal and 50,000 tons 
limestone, producing about 57,000 tons of pig iron. Easton, the terminus of the Le- 
high Valley Railroad in Pennsylvania, will be described hereafter. 




The Reading Railroad Section. 



hri -if«-(< 



THE beauties of the Schuylkill River are too well knowu to require any elaborate 
description ; its picturesque scenery, wrought into verse by the poet Moore, has 
been made world-wide in its reputation, and the Reading Railroad affords one every 
opportunity of enjoying these beauties. Immediately on leaving the city of Phila- 
delphia, we pass through the famous Fairmount Park, with its fountains, statues and 
l)eautlful groves, and then wind our way along the shores of the river, w^ith glimpses of 
Laurel Hill Cemetery, and many towns 
and manufacturing villages interspersed 
among the forests which still remain to 
add beauty to the scene. The cottage 
in which Moore is believed to have re- 
sided still exists, and is visited by his 
many admirers, the beauties of its sur- 
roundings even now bearing evidence to 
the correctness of taste of its former in- 
mate. The first town of importance on 
this line is Norristown, the capital of 
Montgomery county, with a population 
of about 11,000; it is neatly and sub- 
stantially built, its court-house of light- 
gray marble being a prominent object of 
attention. The next point of interest is 
Valley Forge, memorable as the head- 
quarters of General Washington during 
the winter of 1777» 

It was here that our patriot soldiers 
endured without murmuring the serious 
discomforts of that terrible winter which 
has caused their memory to be as highly 
cherished for their patience under ad- 
versity as for their bravery in battle. 
The view at this point is deservedly at- 
tractive. The German element in the 
population along the line of the Reading 
road is very evident, and the many fine farms and gardens indicate a patient and careful 
system of agriculture. Phcenixville, a place of considerable importance, and specially 
noted for its rolling-mill and furnaces (supposed to be the largest in the Union), is the 

Rl 




VaUey Forge. 



02 



fi>:nj\s yl va nja ill uhtra ted. 



next sliition. This town luis :i |)()|nilMli()n of over 7000, largely employed in the iron- 
works. Mines oi" copixsr and iron are loiiiid within the town limits, and it was from 





The Sehuylliill no:ir Pottstowii. 



Iicie the iron was made for the dome ot" the Capitol at Wasiiington. l*ottstown, forty 
miles from Philadelphia, is the next point of importanee; it is sitnated on the left bank 
of (he river, tin; railroad passing throngh one of its streets, and crossing a small stream 
(•idled the Manatawny, <>i» a Iatti(re bridge over one thousand li'et in length. Tiie houses, 




The Schuylkill below Reading. 

wliich ai'c huill prin('i|)allv upon one broad street, are surrounded by fine yards and 
bcautii'ul shade-trees. Tlie seeneiy on the Sehuylkill in the vicinity of Pottstown is 
very bcnuitil'ul. 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



m 



From Pottstown the views of the river 
at different points increase in beauty until, ^ 
after many croolvs and windings, ;--: 

we reach the city . of Reading, . T^ 
from whicli the road takes its 
name. The traveler mu^t have 
been im- 
pressed -^^jz^ 



^ 




thus far on his 
journey with 
the admirable 
management 
of this road. 
The president is 
Mr. Franklin 
B. Gowen, who 
It considered 
one of the ablest 
I'ailroad men in 
the country. 
Mr. David J. 
Brown, the sec- 
retary of the 
company, is also 
Mell known as 
an efficient offi- 



Fioni the Railioacl near Brookside 



cer. At Reading may be found the 
great A\orkfchops and car-factories 
connected with the road, employing 
hundreds of workmen, and adding 
no small quota to the population 
of the city. 
Reading is pleasantly situated on a 
plain gradually rising from the river, 
-^\ and sheltered by three large hills or mountains, 
V known as Mount Penn, Mount Washington and 
Mount Neversink. It was founded in 1748 by 
William and Richard Penn, and is laid out in the 
regular chess-board fashion of the original Qu-akor 
towns. The streets are well paved, the houses and stores well built, and indicative of a 
wealthy population ; the scenery in the vicinity is very picturesque, and many travelers 
are tem])ted by its beauties to remain for some time. It is the third city in the State in 
manufactures and the fourth in popuhition, and its immense furnaces, mills, railroad- 
shops, etc., give employment to more than 1200 men, the cajiital invested being over 
$3,000,000, and the annual value of the manufactures exceeding $18,000,000. The 
population of Reading is estimated at 38,000. There are twenty-three churches, several 
banks and two opera-houses ; the hotels are considered very good. The Philadelphia 
and Reading Railroad might be sup])0sed to end in this city, but in reality it is but the 
beginning of a career for it and its score of branches; from hence it sends out feeders 
west to the coal country, north to the Lehigh River at Allentown, and southwardly to 
Harrisburg. In the western suburb of Reading a very handsome station has been erected 
as a terminus for these branch roads. Passing up the river from Reading, the farms 



(M 



PENNS YL VA NIA ILL USTRA TED. 



are jijrmliially ovcrpowcroti by ilic inoiiniains, with, of course, an advantage in the way 
of |)icliir((S(|ueness; presently the railway })ierces Mount Kittatinny and emerges at Port 
(Minion — a town laid out in 1S2J). At this point is the fork of the Sehnylkill and I^ittlc 
Schuylkill. J<"'rt)ni (his coullucnce of the Schuylkills over to the opposite site of Cata- 
wissa, on the Susquehanna, the country is a series of rolling inonntains, presenting a 
inagniliccnt |)rospect from I'ort Clinton — a j)leasant j)lace situated at the mouth of the 
Little Schuylkill. Auburn and Schuylkill Haven are the two next towns of import- 
ance on the Heading road, the latter being most beautifully located on the bank of the 
river. One of the most magnificent views in this region is from Brooksick' — a station 
in the coal region where the eye commands a view full of eniihantmcnt. 







The Susquehnnnn neni- Herndon. 

Pottsville, ninety-three miles from Philafhlphia — the actual terminus of the Reading 
Kailroad — is located ni)on the edge of the great coal-basin, in the gap by which the 
Schuylkill breaks through Sharpe's Mountain. In 1827 John Pott built GreenM'Ood 
Furnace, a coal veii\ being revealed in digging the foundation. The town which sprang 
np from this discovery has received the name of Pottsville, and is still jx'opled with 
descendants of the family, some of whom have grown rich by sim})ly owning land and 
waiting for its value to rise. The ainnial yield of the coal-field in this vicinity is between 
three ;uid four million tons, and this enormous product annually reaches mark(>t through 



PENNSYL VANIA ILL USTIU TED. 



iio 




Mineiiill Gap. 



the lines of the Reading Railway and Schuylkill Navigation Companies. The land 
in the neigiiborhood is very sterile, and the city of Pottsville is almost entirely de- 
pendent for its prosperity upon the mineral wealth in its vicinity. I'he streets are very 
picturesque, rising from the river n[) the steej) mountain. Fine roads for driving, 
with beantifnl views, wind back among the hills, j)assing through vilhigcs of miners, 
many of whom are Welsh or 
Swedish. A fine statue of Jlenry 
Clay stands on a high pedestal 
overlooking the town. From Potts- 
ville extend short lines of railroad 
in every direction, to facilitate min- 
ing operations, and as new veins of 
coal are opened these roads are 
pushed forward, and small towns 
and villages spring up, supporting 
a strong, healthy population, mostly 
emigrants, who are rapidly be- 
coming, through the advantages of l 
free education, valuable members 
of society. lierndon, one point to ''^ 
which these iron arms reach in 
their spider-like embrace, is a spe- 
cial coal depot on the Susquehanna, from which a most beautiful vi(>w of that river 
can be obtained. 

Mount Carbon is a continuation of Pottsville, and is specially renowned for its hotel 

— a house owned by the railroad company, admirably well kept, and in summer a place 

of great resort. Not far from the hotel are the waters ol" Tumbling Run, where there is 

__ _ £=^ -^ ._ - ^~ "- -u^ ^ a pretty lake with 

^ = . dams to feed the 
canal, the waste 
water escaping 
over the rocks in 
such a way as to 
form a fine cas- 
cade. The laying 
out of the rail- 
roads through 
these intricate 
valleys has been 
a feat of civil 

engineering of great difficulty, and at the same time a perfect success. It has been 
found necessary in some points of this coal region to make use of inclined planes, 
as at Mauch Chunk. The Lower Gordon Plane carries you a distance of 4755 ^oci, in 
which distance you have risen 404 feet and are 1206 feet above tide, and the neigh- 




J_urljen y Junction. 



66 



FEJSJSS YL VAN I A ILL USTJiA TED. 



boring Upper Plane, somewhat shorter in length, takes you to a still greater altitude, 
leaving you 1519 feet above tide. 

The upper waters of the Schuylkill and its tributaries are great resorts for the dis- 
ciples of Izaak Walton, from the middle of May till the 1st of July ; the streams are 

followed in every direction, 
and generally with fair suc- 
cess. The angler, in his 
rambles through the lonely 
wood, or winding his way 
through cultivated farms or 
mountain road, is often fa- 
vored with bits of scenery 
that would gladden the heart 
of an artist. The contract- 
ed gaps in the mountain, 
through which both river 
and rail force their way, are 
specially attractive. The 
Minehill and East Mahanoy 
Railroad passes through one 
of these gaps; at Cressona 
this road put up monumental buildings in stone when 
it A\as an independent corporation. Still farther on 
that line of road mav be found an attractive view 
from a point kno\^ n as Lorberry Junction — a range 
of quite hio;h monntauis, forming a most effective 
background. 

The Ravino Gap, through which the railroad 
passes, is another object of great beauty, to which the 
attention of every traveler is directed. The beauty of the scenery on the line of the 
Reading road has been but slightly alluded to in this article; it must be seen to 
be thoroughly enjoyed, and all our readers will, we are sure, feel indebted for the sug- 
gested trij), 




Ravino Gap. 




The Delaware to Philadelphia. 



THE first point of special interest on the Delaware is the famous Water Gap, visited 
for so many years by citizens from all sections of the United States. The traveler 
from Philadelphia by the North Penn road will arrive in Easton, and from there Avill 
reach the Delaware Water Gap vid Manunka Chunk by the Delaware, Lackawanna 
and Western Railroad. The Delaware River rises from two sources in the Catskill 
Mountains, the two branches uniting at Hancock, on the Erie Railway ; there it forms 





1',- V\A\.» 



Delaware Water Gap. 



the boundary between New York and Pennsylvania, as far as Port Jervis, on the Erie 
road, where it turns to the south-west and runs along the base of the Kittatinny or Blue 
Mountain, until it finds a passage through this Gap. The Gap is about two miles long, 
and is a narrow gorge between walls of rocks some 1600 feet in height, and so near to 
each other at the south-eastern entrance as hardly to leave room for the railroad. From 
Easton to the Gap the landscape is diversified by broad and fertile fields, valley and 
hill, by bold and abrupt precipices overhanging the river, by enormous boulders that in 
some convulsions of nature have been detached from the neighboring hillsides and pre- 
cipitated to the banks below, and by cosy farmhouses, ample barns, and orchards of 

67 



(>8 



PJi:i\NS YL VANIA JLL USSTRA TED. 



fruit. The approach to the Water Gap is unexcelled for beauty and grandeur. The 
bluflP on each side is bold and precipitous, and all the surroundings picturesque in the 
extreme. The view of the Gap from the lofty summit of Pecon's Mountain, away off 
to the south-east, is of itself worth the journey, and is unrivaled in scope and magnifi- 
cence of landscape. 

Among the numerous places of interest in the vicinity is Moss Cataract, where a small 
stream of water tumbling down the moss-covered side of the Kittatinny Mountain scat- 
ters its spray in all directions. Lover's Leap, at a short distance, affords a fine view. 
Prospect Rock is at the end of a wearisome climb of two miles, but once reached re- 
pays the visitor with the finest and most extensive view in the immediate vicinity. An 
object of great curiosity discovered in late years is the Ice Cave, or Nature's refrigerator. 




The DelaAvare below Easton. 



This cave was discovered by Mr. Freer, the owner of the adjoining pro|)erty ; the cold 
in it is so intense that the thermometer falls from 90° to 30° in a few minutes. Leaving 
the Water Gap, we return to Easton, and thence down the Delaware to the Quaker 
City. Easton is located at the junction of three rivers — the Delaware, the Lehigh and 
the Bushkill. It is finely situated in the midst of some of the most beautiful scenery 
of the State, and is in many respects one of the most picturesque cities in the United 
States. It is regularly laid out in rectangular blocks, well built and lighted with gas, 
and su])plied with pure water. Lafayette College, so liberally endowed by Ario Pardee, 
of Hazleton, is situated in Easton, located on a high eminence, with a most commanding 
view; the buildings are deservedly attractive to students, and the system of collegiate 
education has been strongly commended, not only in this country, but by the best 



PENNSYL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



69 



authorities in Europe. The population of Easton is over 10,000, T\w. Delaware is 
crossed at this point by a fine iron bridge. 

To reach Philadelphia and at the same time keep in sight of the Delaware we take 
the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, crossing the bridge to Phillipsburg and running down 
on the Jersey side of the river. The river changes from Easton down, assuming a 
more quiet aspect, but still full of picturesque beauty. At certain seasons the Delaware 




Scene on the Delaware River. 



is filled with lumber rafts, which form a valuable adjunct to the eye of the artist. The 
counties of Delaware and Sullivan in New York, and Pike and Wayne in Peimsylvania, 
comprise what is known as the lumber region. The rafts used in this business require 
from 75,000 to 100,000 leet of lumber ea(!h, and it has been estimated that over 
3,000,000,000 feet have been rafted since the first attemjit in 1746. A trip down th(> 



70 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



river on a raft is most delightful iu the summer season ; the scenery can be enjoyed to 
the best advantage, and as the raft sweeps slowly through the Water Gap, already re- 
ferred to, one has an opportunity to enjoy the magnificent panorama of nature spread 
out before him for miles. 

Shortly before reaching Trenton, the traveler along the line of the Delaware passes 
the spot made celebrated by Washington's passage of the river and the subsequent sur- 
prise and defeat of the Hessians. Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, is situated on the 
Delaware, commanding a fine view of the river and vicinity ; the city is regularly laid 
out, and has many fine stores and handsome dwellings. The Delaware and Raritan 
Canal passes through Trenton, connecting it with New York and Philadelphia; it was 
completed in 1834, at a cost of $2,500,000. The population of Trenton is about 
30,000. There are many large manufactories here, and special attention has been paid 
to the making of china-ware and porcelain from the very fine clay of the vicinity, the 

Glasgow potteries of John 
Moses having secured quite 
a reputation in this branch 
of manufactures. The most 
important event in the his- 
tory of this city is the bat- 
tle of Trenton, which was 
fought within the present 
city limits on the 26th of 
December, 1776. The 
Americans had lost the 
battle of Long Island, and 
had been forced to evacuate 
the city of New York, 
which was promptly occu- 
pied by the British under 
Sir Henry Clinton. A 
series of disasters ensued, 
and at the end of the year 
1776 Washington had been driven across the Delaware, and the only troops that re- 
mained faithful to their colors consisted of less than 4000 half-starved men, destitute 
of blankets and tents. The people of the country were rapidly coming to the con- 
clusion that the colonial cause was hopeless, and were beginning to make their peace 
with the royal authorities. Washington alone was hopeful, and resolved to put an 
end to the gloom of the situation. Learning that a large force of Hessians had 
been thrown forward to Trenton, where they held an exposed position, he suddenly 
faced about, crossed the Delaware in open boats, despite the snow and ice, on the 
night of December 25, 1776, and at daybreak the next morning made a sharp attack 
on the Hessian force, surprising them and routing them completely. He took about 
one thousand prisoners, six brass field-pieces, one thousand stand of arms and four 
standards, and lost but four of his own men. On the night of the 26th he recrosscd 




^=?=rm-ir^y f 



Tlie Delaware near Trenton. 



PENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. 



71 



victory was highly 
we have referred to. 



inl- 
and 



the Delaware to his own camp in Pennsylvania. Tiiis 
portaiit, as it marks the close of the long series of reverses 
the beginning of the successful resist- 
ance of the nation. From this time for- 
ward the despondent took fresh courage 
from the example set them by their 
great commander, and with stout hearts 
and strong arms fresh attacks were made 
upon the enemy, resulting finally in the 
nation's independence. Twelve years 
later, as Washington was returning from 
New York to Mount Vernon, he was 
accorded a most enthusiastic and touch- 
ing welcome by the citizens of Tren- 
ton; a section of the triumphal arch 
used at that time is still treasured by 
the city for use at the Centennial cele- 
bration. The State Lunatic Asylum, 
near Trenton, is widely celebrated for 
its admirable management and cleanli- 
ness. 

From Trenton to Philadelphia the 
Delaware is navigable for steamboats, 
and in summer the trip, which is de- 
lightful, is largely taken advantage of. 
Ill the season, it is in this section of the 
river that the famous Delaware shad are 
found, and for miles the river is spread 
with nets ; at favorite points near Phila- 
delphia — Gloucester, for instance — a dish 
of planked shad may be enjoyed to per- 
fection. Below the city — a complete 
})anorama of which we have seen — we 
come to League Island, the famous rest- 
ing-place for iron-clads. This is the loca- 
tion for a United States Navy- Yard, and 
is most admirably adapted for the pur- 
pose. Still farther down, we pass Fort 
Mifflin, and then, some distance beyond. 
Fort Delaware. This is a very strong forti- 
fication, admirably located and very pic- 
turesque in its surroundings, and was 
largely used during the Rebellion for the incarceration of political prisoners. Forty 
miles from Philadelphia the Delaware empties into Delaware Bay, and its waters 




PENJWSYLVAMA ILLUSTRATED. 



between these points are filled with a fleet of outgoing and incoming steamers and ships, 
showing the largely-increasing commerce of the city of Philadelphia. 

The ship-building interest of the 



Delaware is a prominent feature in 
the neighborhood of Philadelphia. 
At Kensington the house of Cramp 
& Sons have turned out already the 
four well-known steamers of the 
American S. S. Co., and at the va- 
rious yards in that vicinity more 
than twenty large iron steamers 
have been constructed during the 
past year. Farther down the river, 
at Chester, is the establishment of 
" The Delaware River Iron Ship- 
building and Engine Works," of 
uhich Mr. John lloach is presi- 
dent, Mr. William Parker, trea- 
surer, and Mr. John B. Roach, 
secretary. This establishment is 
one of the most important in the 
State, being the largest and most 
complete of the kind in America, 
and the only one having within 
itself the facilities for building all 
parts of a first-class ship. It is even 
said not to be excelled by any one 
of the famous shi])-yards on the 
Clyde. It occupies twenty-three 
acres, with a river front of 1200 
feet and water enough at the docks 
to float the largest ship ever built; 
when working to its full capacity it 
employs 1800 men, -with a weekly 
pay-roll of about $20,000. During 
the past two and a half years it has 
built — besides the large business 
it does in wooden ships, machinery, 
etc. — seventeen iron vessels, two 
of wdiich are the largest ever built 
in this country, and second only 
in size to the Great Eastern. 
At Chester is also located the well-known Military Academy of Colonel Theodore 
Hyatt. The buildings occupy an elevated site, and command an extensive view of the 




PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



■3 



Delaware Kiver and of the surrounding country. The <j!;n)unds comj)rise twenty-five 
acres, a portion of which is tastefully laid out and decorated with ornamental trees. 
The main building 
is two hundred and 
seventeen feet long;, 
fifty feet doep and 
four stories high, 
designed for the ac- 
commodation ofone 
hundred and fifty 
cadets, with the 
staff officers requi- 
site lor their gov- 
ernment. The 
campus, embracing 
several acres, af- 
fords a s u p e r i o 1* 
place fi)r drill and 
physical recrea- 
tion; the drill- 
room, with gym- 
nasium attached, 
one hundred feet 
long, sixty wide 
and twenty- five 
high, furnishes un- 
usual advantages 
for indoor exercise. 
The system of in- 
struction adopted i n 
the Pennsylvania 
Military Academy 
has been most suc- 
cessful, and each 
year adds its evi- 
dence to the effi- 
ciency of this com- 
bination of military 
training with a 
sound education. 
At Chester is point- 
ed out to the visitor 

the identical spot where William Peiui first landed upon the shores of America. The 
city is one of the oldest in the State, and is well worth a visit. 




Philadelphia 



IT is fair to assuinc iliut no city in llio Uiiilcd States mmII bo more widely known than 
Philadelphia at the expiration of the first century of our national existence. Jt 
havinj^- been decided by Congress to celebrate our national })irthday by a grand Inter- 
national l^^xhibition, the city of ]*hiladelphia, with great i)r()priety, has been selected 
for that j)urpose, and ollicial invitations have been extended to all the nations on the 
face of the earth to meet here in 187G. Various estimates have been made, based on 




Girard Avenue Bridge, Fairmount Park. \ 

I 

experience in other Exhibitions, as to the probable mimber of visitors at that time, and 
the sum-total varies from five to twelve millions. Take the minimum, and what an 
immense ])ubli(Mty will be given to the advantages of this growing city to which we now 
propose to devote the closing pages of this volume! riiiladelphia is in the county 
of the same name, and it is the largest and most important city in the State of Penn- 
sylvania, and the second only to New York in the United States. It lies between the 
Delaware and Schuylkill Ivivers, at their junction, and nearly one liundred miles from 
the Atlantic Ocean, following the course of the Delaware River and bay. It is one 
hundred and ihirtv-six miles north-east of Washington City, and eighty-seven miles 
south-west of New York. The city, as at first located, is in a perfec^tly level i)lain, but 
additions made some years since, especially those on the north-west, arc built on a fine 

71 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



tr) 



rolling country abounding in })icturcsquc views, and forming a striking contrast to the 
uniform flatness of the old city. 

As originally laid out in 1701, the city was bounded by the Delaware and Schuylkill 
Rivers and by Vine and Cedar streets. At the i)rosent time the limits of the city of 
Philadelphia have been made coextensive with those of the county, which includes an 
area of one hundred and twenty square miles; its entire length from north to south is 
twenty miles, and its greatest breadth from east to west eight miles. The suburbs are 
very beautiful, and are thickly built 
up with handsome country-seats, 
villas, cottages, etc. ; they abound 
in exquisite scenery, especially in 
the vicinity of the Wissahickon. 
Unlike New York, the population 
of Philadelphia is not crowded, 
ample room being given, the dwell- 
ings, as a rule, containing but one 
family each. Chestnut, Walnut 
and Market, three parallel streets, 
are the most important. Market 
street, which is entirely devoted to 
business, extends throughout the 
city from east to west ; it is one 
hundred feet wide, and lined with 
large warehouses of a spacious and 
commanding character. 

Chestnut street corresponds to 
Broadway in New York, and is 
the principal business street for 
retail trade; it is quite narrow, 
but contains many most elegant 
buildings, and it is one of the 
handsomest and most attractive 
streets in the city. There have 
been many improvements in the 
past few years in the style of build- 
ings on this street, and it rivals in 
appearance the principal streets of 
any of the largo cities in the United 'T'he wissahiekon creek. 

States. The United States Mint— an object of interest to all visitors— is situated on 
Chestnut street near Broad street. This building was erected in 1829, pursuant to an 
act of Congress enlarging the operations of the Government. coining, and supplementary 
to the act creating the Mint which was passed in 1792. The structure is of the Ionic 
order, copied from a temple at Athens, and is built of white marble. Visitors are ad- 
mitted before twelve o'clock every day except Saturday and Sunday, and the beautiful 




70 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



and delicate contrivances for coining, as well as the extensive numismatic cabinet, are 
well worth seeing. 

Opposite the Mint is the new structure of the Presbyterian Board of Publication, 
lately erected for the accommodation of its business and the various operations of the 
Church with which it is connected. This building occupies a lot forty-four feet wide 
by two hundred and thirty feet deep, and attracts much attention from the good taste 
of its general architecture as well as for the beauty of the white and Aberdeen granites 
used in its construction. The various offices connected with the business of the Board 

are in this building, as well 



as rooms for general meet- 
ings. The ground floor is 
occupied as a salesroom, in 
which are kept the regular 
publications of the Board, 
and in addition a well-select- 
ed and full stock of all classes 
of devotional, theological and 
Sabbath-school literature, 
as well as wall cards, mottoes 
and similar articles used in 
Sabbath-schools, and which 
add so much to the attractive 
appearance of stores of this 
kind. The entire second story 
is used for the offices of the 
Board of Education, the Dis- 
abled Ministers' Fund, the 
trustees of the General As- 
sembly, the various secre- 
taries, and a large assembly- 
room for the weekly meet- 
ings of ministers and other 
purposes connected with the 
work of the -Church. The 
upper part of this building 
is occupied by the offices of 

Tiie Presbyterian Publication House. artistS and architects. 

Passing down Chestnut street, the visitor to Philadelphia will find this the centre for 
promenading and shopping. Among the handsomely fitted up establishments which 
make this street so attractive is the salesroom of the Wilson Sewing-Machine Company, 
situated at 1309 Chestnut street. The entire building, which is four stories high, and 
with a basement, is occupied by the company, and forms quite a feature in this active 
business centre. The salesroom is one hundred feet deep, spacious, light and airy, 
furnished in fine taste and without regard to expense. The counters are of polished 




PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



77 



black walnut, richly carved, as are also all the fittings-up of the offices of the manager 
and the cashier, which are situated at tiie rear of the room. The Wilson Sewing-Machine 
Company have much reason to feel gratified at the progress and success of the industry 
they represent. In the recent competition at Vienna their machine came off victorious, 
receiving the only silver medal awarded to sewing-machines, and doing much to elevate 
the position of American mechanical inventions abroad. Although much is due in this 
case to the great merits of the machine, still credit must be given to the well-directed 
energy and thoroughly liberal manner of conducting business which has led to the 
enormous results in its extended sales to all parts of the world and its universal j)opu- 
larity. These machines are guaranteed by the company for a term of years, but the 
great care and skill combined in their manuflicture secures unfailing accuracy in their 
mechanism and renders it very seldom necessary either to repair or to exchange them. 




Interior of "Wilson's Sewing- Machine Company's Salesroom. 



The success in attaining confidence and popularity in Philadelphia has been largely 
due to the personal character of Colonel Ray nor, the manager, who is much respected 
for his integrity as well as for his business abilities. 

A block farther down on Chestnut street, and we reach the building erected by 
Dr. Samuel S. White — an ornament to the city, and one of the finest buildings of its 
class in the world. As is well known, Dr. White has devoted himself for years past 
to all that relates to improvements in the art of dentistry, and now stands confessedly 
as leading the world in his own department of manufactures. The magnificent structure 
which he has erected is devoted in a large measure to the interests of his profession. 
Built of white marble, extending forty-four feet on Chestnut, and two hundred and 
thirty-five feet on Twelfth street, it is one of the most commanding edifices in the city. 



7s 



FENNSV/.VANfA I l.LUSTBATKD. . 



'V\\v lower |>ar( is ()C(mi|)I('(I hy llic wcll-lviiowii Ikmisc <»(" IJailcv & (^o., jewelers, Jind 
it is iillcd ii|) ill a slylf crcdiliihlc lo (heir (asti! and i-li(! trciioral eliara(itor ol' tli(! 
Iniil(liii<;' ilscll". \)v. Wliilc makes iis(! ol'llic (!ii(ir(^ halaiiee of space lor his own 
purposes in dental iiiaiiiiliieliires of \arioiis kinds. Nol only are teelli of all kinds 
inannliKitiired, hnl. i.iierc^ is a special deparlineiil, I'or dtintal instriiinents, which are 
inadi^ widi llic! j^reatcst care and pretiision. The salesroom, (^ontainin^ samples of* 
all ihearlicles lor sale, is a model of ^ood taste 'Awd beauty; in ihis department may 
be round llie publication ollicc ol" [\\v "Dental Cosmos" — a peiiodical lai'^ely oircu- 
lalcd not only in (his connlry, but iii JMirope. Dr. VVIii((! has branch houses in New 
York, Hoston and (*hicaL;'o. 




\N\\\\.o'h Buildiini, Twoll'ih imd Chosliuit Streets. 



The nreatly increased business liicilities of Phila(h'l|)liia have attracted to it, in many 
ilcpartmenis, (he already established houses oCother cities. In this connection attention 
should be called to a. most j)i'ominent bnihlinjj on (1i(>stnnt street — an areliiteetural 
ornanient oC which (>v(>ry citi/en may (eel proud ; we reler to tlie new stnieture of 
The Mutual iiile Iusuranc(> Company of New York, hitely erected at tiie eorner of 
Tenth and (Mi(>stnut streets, at an expense ol" a million (h)llai-s. Ther(> is perliaps no 
buildin-;- in the city so admirably adapted for all i(s purposes as this. It, is eomj)letely 
llrc-prool", no wood havinii; bc(>n used in any part of its construction. The window- 
sashes and doors arc iron, (he Moors and s(airs eidier iron or ston(>, and even the roof — 
to make assurance doubly sure — is covered with tiles. It is conlidenlly maintained that 



PE^JSS YL VAiMA ILL U^TRA TKD. 



1\\ 
I 



there is no buil(lin<>j in tho United States more tlion)iiL!;li1y cotistriK-ted or eonibinin^^ 
more beauty ol" :ir(!liite(;ture with eonvenience of urranj^emenl. The j;ig:iutic e()r[)ora,- 
cion to which it belonjjjs has assets of over seventy millions oi" dollars, belonj^in^ ex- 
clusively to its policy-holders, as it is om(! ol" the lew purely mutual life insurance 
companies in the United States, lis payuKHit of death-claims now avora<;es |l(),()()0 
per day, or more than three and a half million dollars ])er year. Its lar<>;e mitidx'r of 
policy-holders in the State of Pennsylvania, now over ten thousand, has led to Phila- 




The Now York Miilii.d Lil'e InBurance Compnny'H Bi . 1 1. 1 1 1 1; f. 

delphia's being selected as the location of this maj:;nifi(!ent buildinjjj, offices in which are 
res(!rve(l for the business of the company, for whom Messrs. Vanuxcm, IJates and 
Lambert are the general agents. 

To the stranger visiting Philad(;lphia, one of the special objects of interest is the 
building occupied by tin; Public Lcnlgi!!-, which, uiuhjr the control and management of 
its publisher, Georg(; W. Childs, has become the most j)0|)ular and [)romincnt journal in 
the (!ity. ITis sagacity and tact enabled him to {\i\v. tlu^ |)ii,per ov(!r a jx'rilous ]K»in( in 
its course, and to make changes in it^ management whic^h, under a less skillful pilot, 



80 



PENNtiYL VANIA ILL USTliA Ti:i>. 



woiikl have wrecked it. Mr. Cliilds is one ol'dic most proiuiiicnt men in the city, lore- 
most ill every charity and ^ood work, and is well known tliron^liont the United States, 
and, in l;ic(, abroad also. His pnhlic spirit, sMpplemented l>y his j^i'cat wealth and 
uhility, makes him a most important citizen. The J^edgcr Building is located at the 
cornel- of Sixth and Chestnut, aiul is a model (or newspaper oflices; not equaled, in its 
special character, in any jiart ol' the world. I( is built oC brown stone, covers ei<'htv- 
Ibiir I'eet on ClicslMut street, and out,' hundred and sixty-live ieet on Sixth street and is 
live stories in height, with a Mansard rool". M a glance one realizes tlu; enormous 
size of the structure, but the architecture is in such good taste and so <>racelul that the 
building does not seem at all overgrown or clumsy. 'J'he ])ublicalion olli(!e o(" the 
Ledger is on the first Moor ol" (his building, in th(( division of which care has been 
taken not to mar the admirable elVect of its artistic; decoration. Some idea of which 
may be l()rmed when it is stated that there are nearly four thousand pieces of wood, 

of various shapes and 
sizes, in the wains(!oting, 
all fitted and joined to- 
gether with the nicety 
and exactness of the most 
beautiful article of cabi- 
net-ware. The press- 
room, the next import- 
ant ieatureof this build- 
ing, is located in the 
basement, and is with- 
out an ecpial in all Its 
adaj)tations to the pur- 
poses for which it is in- 
tended. 1 1 forms a room 
of an L shaj)e, forty-six 
feet six inches wide, and 
running east and west one hundred and tw(>nty-six \\\'i. Nearly ten thousand square 
feet oi space are thus obtained for all tlu> machinery necessary to carry on the immense 
labor of this department. 

On (liestnut street are many other biiildings of interest — the Post-Oifiee, now in 
process of erection, the Continental Motel, the C.irard House, etc.; but the object of 
special interest to all visitors is (he State-1 louse, or IndeiH'ndenee Hall: it fronts on 
Chestnut street, and including the wings, which are of modern construction, oceu[)ies 
the whole block extending from Fil"th to Sixth street. In (he east room of the State- 
House, known as lndepciidenct> Hall, on duly I, 177(), the Declaration of Independ- 
ence was adoi)ted by Congress, and [lubliely proclaimed from the steps on the same 
day. The room presents now^ the same appearance as it did at that time in furni- 
ture and in(crior decorations. Here also is preserved th{> old " Liberty ]?ell," which 
was the iirst bell in the United States rung after th{> passage of the Declaration. The 
Custom-Honse, formerly the United States Bank, and modeled after the l\n-thenon at 




lijor Builcliiu). 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



81 



Athens, is also on Chestnut street. We would invite speeial attention at this point to 
the new huiklin<^ of the (jruarantec; Trust and Safe Deposit ('Onij)!iny, on Chestnut street, 
south side, between Third and Fourth. For its purposes of" safety and protection to 
valuables it is probably the most complete structure ever erected. Tlie building is en- 
tirely Isolated from all 
others, with a fronta<^e 
on Chestnut street of 
fifty-seven feet, and a 
depth of (»ne liundnMl 
and ninety-eight feet. 
The exterior is ciiielly 
of pressed brick, into 
which bands of Ohio 
stone and tile are in- 
troduced. The inte- 
rior walls are of brick ; 
the floors consist of 
heavy wi'outj:lit-iron 
girders, arched be- 
tween with bricks, and 
all the roofs are of 
iron. While tluj en- 
tire buildinj^ is fire- 
proof, its most im- 
portant feature is the 
treasury department, 
containing the safe de- 
posit vaults, situated 
in the rear end of tlu; 
building, and sepa- 
rated from the rest of 
thebuildingbyaheavy a 
brick wall and iron -c 
doors. These vaults 
are six in number, 
and are constructed of 
plates of welded iron 
and steel, of a com- 
bined thickness of two 
and a half inches on 

every side. Each vault is ten feet wide and eighteen feet deep, exclusive of vestibule, 
with inner and outer doors of a combined thickness of seven and a half inches of iron and 
steel, secured by four combination locks. The toj) and sides are covenid with granite two 
feet thick, in large blocks securely cemented, (iiamped and boUod together, and resting 




82 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



upon solid masonry foundations of great depth ; the whole is enclosed in solid brick 
walls twenty-two inches thick, witii iron roof resting; upon iron beams and brick arches, 
'riicse vaults arc probably une(iualcd lor fire and bur<5lar-])roof qualities, and contain 
safes for rent to depositors. 

On the same side of the way, just 
above Eleventh street, is the exten- 
sive store of Mr. Gottlieb Volhner, 
manufacturer of line lurniture, which 
may be taken as a re[)resentative of 
the many establishments of the kind 
which form one of the important in- 
dustries of the city. The building 
is twenty-four by two hundred and 
thirty-five feet, five stories high, with 
an iron front in the Corinthian style 
on Chestnut street, and six stories — 
the first iron, the rest brick — on tSan- 
som street. The basement is two 
hundred and seventy feet in length ; 
lh(( i'ront part is used as a drawing 
and pattern de})artment, and the I'est 
luostly for fine woods; in the rear, 
on kSansom street, is the steam hoist- 
ing and heating a})j)aratus. The 
ground floor is used as the fine fur- 
niture and curtain department, and 
also contains the offices. The second 
floor i.s devoted exclusively to cham- 
ber furniture; the third to stull'ed 
and upli()lst(M'ed furniture ; the fourth 
for storing and for finishing in var- 
nish and oil; the fifth as a work- 
room for upholstery and curtain 
finishing. The sixth story on San- 
son! street is used exclusively in 
finishing the finest work. 

The ireneral cabinet-work is done 
at the factory, which occupies five 
fronts on Fifteenth street, just south 
of Market; it is a large brick build- 
ing, ninety-six feet scpiare and four stories high, and the work is all done by hand, no 
maeliinery being used. The number of workmen em|)loyed here has not at any time 
witliin the last twenty years been less than eiglity-liv(> nor over one hundred, which 
shows a remarkable steadiness of business. This is ])r()bably partly due to the fact that 




Vollmer's Buildinff. 



PENNSYL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



63 



it is ti rule with Mr. VoUmer that the goods lie sells are kept iu order witliout charge. 
The business is entirely retail. 

Between Tenth and Eleventh streets the most noticeable building is the store of 
Messrs. McCallum, Crease & Sloan, doing a large wholesale and retail business in car- 
pets, of which they are also manufacturers. The building is three stories in height, 
built of the whitest of marble, with unusually large plate-glass windows, which give it 
a very brilliant appearance. It has a frontage on Chestnut street of Ibrty-live feet, and 
is two hundred and forty feet deep, extending through to Sansoni street. The first floor 
is probably the handsomest carpet show-room in the city, and from its large expanse 
and excellent light is par- 
ticularly well adapted to 
the display of the fine 
grades of goods — Frencii, 
Turkey, English and Amer- 
ican — with which it is 
always stocked. 

The edifice was not erect- 
ed by Messrs. McCallum, 
Crease & Sloan, but was 
purchased by them in 1871, 
and at once occupied, tliey 
removing from some squares 
farther down the street, 
where their warerooms and 
salesrooms had been located 
for many years. With the 
removal to their present 
location, however, their re- 
tail business very largely 
increased and its charac- 
ter materially changed, 
necessitating the heavy im- 
portation of the finer grades 
of foreign goods. The first 
floor is given up to the 
retail business, and the 
wholesale department is on the second floor, which is reached by a stairway at the rear 
of the building, and communicates with the basement, where the packing, etc., is carried 
on, by steam elevators, one of which also reaches to the third floor, where the uphol- 
stery dej)artment is located. 

The firm are also proprietors of the Glen Echo Mills, where they are extensively 
engaged in the manufacture of the best qualities of ingrain carpets, of which Phila- 
delphia is now the largest manufacturing centre in the Morld, more than two-thirds ot 
the entire production of the country being made here. The Glen Echo Mills arc 




MeCaUurii, i„it;;i^t; d; 



s Store. 



84 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



situated at Germantown, a beautiful suburb of the city, containing many cotton and 
woollen mills, and are one of the representative establishments of the place. They are 
amono- the oldest carpet factories in this country, and have an excellent reputation for 
their productions. 




lOfl f GAR R I AG E R £ P OS 1 1§ flY,lIO0H 




Rogers Co.'s "Warerooms. 



On the opposite side of Chestnut street stand the large warerooms of Messrs. W. D. 
Rogers & Co., makers of carriages and pleasure-wagons, and for nearly thirty years 
closely identified with the industries of Philadelphia in this particular branch. Their 
manufactures have a reputation probably the best in this city, and are largely exported, 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



85 



sustaining the credit of American workmen in competition with the best European 
builders. Mr. Rogers, who founded the concern in 1846, is still actively engao-ed in 
his business, giving his personal superintendence to the factory. The whole building 
in Chestnut street is occupied as warerooms. 

One square below, at the south-west corner of Chestnut and Ninth streets, stands the 
marble block known as the " Burd Buildings," having a frontage of one hundred feet 
and running two hundred and thirty-five feet back to Sansom street. The middle 
building is occupied by Messrs. J. E. Caldwell & Co., jewellers, and is one of the most 
attractive stores in the city. Erected in 1862, it was destroyed by fire in January, 




The 



Burd Buildings." 

1869 ; was rebuilt at once, Avith many improvements, and was re-occupied in November 
of the same year. The entire ground floor is thrown into one unbroken show-room, 
which from its great depth and the showy nature of the wares it contains presents a very 
imposing and brilliant appearance. The floor, counters and desks arc all of marble; 
the ceiling tastefully frescoed, as are also the walls, upon which are always a few well- 
chosen paintings, for works of art are also dealt in by Messrs. Caldwell & Co. In the 
front of the room are kept the diamonds, watches and articles of jewelry ; further back 
the silverware, fancy goods, etc. ; and in the extreme rear the bronzes, marble and parian 
statuettes, etc. In the rear of the second story are the sleeping-rooms of the night- 
clerks, with a parlor, bath-room and other conveniences. The front of this floor is 



86 



PENJSS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. 



devoted to the watchmakers and other workmen of the establislmicnt. Rope ladders 
are kept always at each end of the buiklinjij to alford ready escape in case of fire. 1'he 
basement is principally nsed for storage, with the exception of a well-lighted room 
ai)propriated to the ]x)lishers and to the delivery of parcels, and also contains fire- and 
biirglnr-]>roof vaults for the safe-keeping of bulky valuables. The establishment will 
am[)ly rc[)ay a visit. 

Passing down the street, one is sure to notice on the south side of the Avny below 







Dreer's Store. 



Eighth street a store wiiose windows in winter and whose doorway also in summer are 
made beautii'ul with various rare and sweet-smelling flowers. 

Philadelphia is celebrated for the extent of floriculture among its citizens — not only 
in the greenhouses of the wealthy, but also in the habitations of those of more moderate 
means and in the houses of the working-people. Thus it happens that Mr. Dreer's 
windows are continually a source of pleasure to the motley crowd of passers-by in this 
(he busiest part of tlic street. The establishment is an old one, dating back ibr a third 
of a century, and its increasing years but increase its reputation. It is well known all 
over the coiuitry, and to those who believe in the refining and culturing power of a 
I'oiidness for flowers it is surely a cheerful sight to see how widely a house like Dreer's 
scatters its seeds, bulbs and j)lants. Since these are now sent so readily and cheaply 



PENNS YL VAN I A ILLVSTRA TED. 



87 



by mail, the amount of business done in mail orders by catalogue would scarcely be 
credited. Mr. Dreer's seeds and plants are, with the exception of imported varieties, 
grown at his nursery in the vicinity of the city, which is one of the best regulated 
establishments of its kind. 

Arch street is given up solidly to business as far west as Tenth street, and contains 




,[lE ^rr 






F ' I It r^ij J .^ J 






■fiPflttip* 




"Mt\ 








isclieiiCK's Buildiny. 

some fine buildings. The handsomest and most imposing of these is probably the new 
structure of Dr. J. H. Schenck & Son at the north-oast corner of Sixth and Arch streets. 
It is built of iron, painted white, and is five stories in height, with a mansard roof in 
addition, surmounted with towers, the architecture being very effective throughout. The 
first floor is devoted entirely to the retail business, and is very elaborate in its appoint- 
ments. On the second floor are the various offices of the establishment, and the rest of 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



the building is given up to the manufacture of the medicines (the well-known Pulmonic 
Syrup, Seaweed Tonic and Mandrake Pills) which have made the firm prominent. In 
the basement are the engines, boilers, vats and other heavy apparatus. The building 
has a frontage of forty-five feet on Arch street and eighty-three on Sixth street. 

Among the most prominent of the life insurance companies for which Philadelphia is 
somewhat famous stands the " National Life Insurance Company of the United States 




A View in Arcli Street. 



of America," chartered by special act of Congress. It is generally reputed an exceed- 
ingly strong and well-managed company, having a cash capital of one million dollars, 
and a surplus over all liabilities of much more than that sum. Being national in its 
charter and character as well as in name, it has its offices scattered all over the country, 
but it has always been considered as particularly Philadelphian, since its principal in- 
corporators were originally from this city, and the most prominent of its officers are 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 89 

now Philadelphians. Mr. George H. Stuart is the president of the company, Mr. E. 
W. Peet the actuary, and Mr. John M. Butler the secretary. INIr. Stuart is one of the 
most prominent and most respected men in the city, and indeed is well known through- 
out the United States, principally from his connection with the " Christian Commission" 
during the war of the Rebellion. He is also prominent in the management of numerous 
other corporations and in his private business. No one is more respected than Mr. 
Stuart for his integrity and high-mindedness, and few equal him in ability. The other 
officers of the company — Mr. Peet and Mr. Butler — are very well and favorably known. 
The able management of the National Life Insurance Company may be inferred from 
the fact that in six months its assets increased more than half a million dollars. The 
principal office for the transaction of business was for years, since the formation of the 
company in 1868, in Philadelphia, but has within a short time been removed to 
Chicago, although a large business is still done in this city and an office maintained 
here. 

The attention of the visitor in Philadelphia will be attracted to Broad street, where 
are many of the most prominent buildings in the city — the American Academy of 
Music, admitted to be the most capacious opera-house in the United States, and also the 
best adapted for seeing and hearing ; next to it, and connected by a permanent bridge, 
the hall of the Horticultural Society, where its various exhibitions are held ; still farther 
on is the well-known building of the Union I^eague, finished at a cost of two hundred 
thousand dollars : this is occupied by the club, the list of members numbering nearly 
two thousand. The Reform Club, another prominent institution, and deservedly popu- 
lar for the good taste shown in its fitting-up and its admirable cuisine, is located in a 
handsome and commodious building on Chestnut street above Fifteenth. Next above 
the Union League is the building containing the collection of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences. This society dates from the year 1812; its collection comprises sixty-five 
thousand mineralogical and paleontological specimens, with a very rich collection of 
fossils. The botanical collection is immense, and that of conchology is only excelled 
by the cabinet of the British Museum. The collection of birds consists of more than 
thirty-one thousand specimens, and is probably unequaled by any collection in Europe. 
A new building is soon to be erected for this valuable institution. At the intersection 
of Broad and Market we reach the Penn Squares, upon which location the public build- 
ings for the use of the city are being erected. These buildings, when completed, will 
compare favorably with those of any other city in the world. Still farther on Broad 
street stands the Masonic Temple, built of granite ; it is one hundred and fifty feet in 
breadth, by two hundred and fifty in length, with a side elevation of ninety feet above 
the pavement, its colossal proportions making it appear low even at this height; a tower 
of two hundred and thirty feet high rises at one corner; the entire building is devoted 
to Masonic uses. 

Market street is devoted entirely to business, and contains many large and handsome 
establishments, among which the imposing marble front of the establishment of Messrs. 
J. B. Lippincott & Co., one of the largest publishing houses in the world, is most con- 
spicuous. This house dates its existence from the close of the last century, and may 
be regarded as one of the institutions of the city. Its list of publications embraces over 



90 



PENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. 



twenty-five hundred volumes, representing every department of literature, from a primer 
to some of the largest and most valuable works published. All of the manufacturing 
of this house is executed on the premises, their printing-office, bindery and blank-book 
manufactory, each uncqualed in completeness and extent, occupying the upper stories 
of their buildings and employing between four and five hundred operatives. Messrs. 
J. B. Lippincott & Co. unite with that of their own publications the sale of the issues 
of all other prominent firms at home and abroad, and of miscellaneous stationery, to 




Front View of J. B. Lippincott & Co.'s Building. 

such a large extent that their business is probably greater than that of any other house 
in til is department of trade. Such an enormous business requires an immense estab- 
lishment, and strangers will find it well worth a visit. 

In the square above this is the very large and imposing building of Messrs. Hood, 
Bonbright 6z Co., probably the most extensive dry-goods jobbing-house in Philadelphia. 
The structure occujiles three fronts on Market street, with a total frontage of sixty-six 
feet, and runs through to Filbert street, a distance of three hundred and six feet. It 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 



91 



is five stories in height, built of iron, jKiinted a light color, and in very good archi- 
tectural taste. Lately erected, the internal arrangements are of the most improved 
style, and there is probably not a store in tlie country of its size as admirably lighted 
and ventilated, the latter being accomplished by the means of steam fans. Steam eleva- 
tors are used to transport persons and goods from one story to another, and are the more 
necessary since all the packing of the establishment is done on the fourth floor to save 
the noise and confusion which ordinarily attends the practice of packing in the base- 
ment. The counting-rooms of the firm are on the first floor, and are fitted up with 
every convenience for business. The annual sales of Messrs, Mood, Jion bright & Co. 
reach the enormous sum of seven mil- 
lion dollars, and a very large force of 
employes is engaged in the various 
duties of the house. To successfully 
manipulate this cumbrous machinery, 
great executive ability and the strictest 
systematizing is necessitated. To this 
end the business is divided into various 
departments, each having its own head, 
its own buyer and its own set of hands, 
and governed stringently by a printed 
code of regulations. In this way tiie 
machinery of the business runs more 
smoothly than that of many far smaller 
houses. It is very interesting to watch 
its workings in the height of the busy 
season, when the rooms are crowded 
with eager buyers and the army of 
salesmen arc worked to their last 
capacity. The whole establishment 
may be taken as a model of its kind, 
and deserves careful attention from the 
visitor. Market street is jpar excellence 
the business street of the city, and by 
making a tour of it from the Delaware 
River to the Schuylkill, one can get a 
tolerable idea of a great many various branches of trade. Indeed, so various are these 
that an accurate description in detail would fill a volume; but perhaps mention should 
be made of the several large and excellent market-houses which it contains. These are 
characteristically Philadelphian, and have long since superseded the now destroyed mar- 
ket sheds which gave the street its name. Market street runs the entire width of the 
city, crossing the Schuylkill River by a substantial wooden bridge. 

Philadelphia, like London, is a city of bridges, there being ten in or near the city. The 
Girard Avenue Bridge is a splendid model of architecture; in addition, there is the iron 
and stone bridge at Chestnut street, the Fairmount Bridge and the Columbia Bridge. 




Hood, Boi^ibriyhl & Co.'s Slore. 



92 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



Girard College, situated on Ridge Avenue, about two miles from the State-House, is 
an object of special interest to visitors to Philadelphia. It was founded by Stephen 
Girard, a native of France, who died in 1831, leaving a bequest of $2,000,000 " for the 
gratuitous instruction and support of destitute orphans." The site of the edifice and 
the grounds embrace an area of forty-two acres, and crown the summit of a slope at 
once commanding and attractive; the corner-stone was laid July 4, 1833. The central 
or college building is two hundred and eighteen feet long, one hundred and sixty broad 
and ninety-seven feet high, and is a noble structure of the Corinthian order, entirely 
built of white marble. The University of Pennsylvania is also one of the city's mag- 
nificent buildings, and well worthy of a visit ; it has an extensive and valuable anatomi- 
cal collection in its medical department. There are some twenty public libraries in 
Philadelphia, containing over 300,000 volumes, and all open to strangers when properly 




Schuylkill from Laurel Hill. 



introduced. Philadelphia has been justly celebrated for its markets, and many of them 
are worthy of special notice for their cleanliness and admirable arrangement. The 
healthy condition of the city is due to the foresight of those who, in planning its 
arrangement, secured so many breathing-places for the people in the shape of squares 
and parks. First and foremost among these stands Fairmount Park, containing an 
ar(>a of over twenty-four hundred acres, inc^luding the beautiful waters of the Schuyl- 
kill within its boundaries, the grounds lying on both sides of the stream. Uj>on its 
western side the park extends upward and backward, embracing a wide and varied 
landscape of great beauty. The Fairmount Park has natural advantages which give 
it the foremost position over all other parks in the world, and the drives along the 
Schuylkill and the lovely banks of the Wissahickon are unequaled. The Water- 
works are also worthy of attention, the reservoirs having a capacity of nearly 



FENAS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



30,000,000 gallons, and the pumping engines and hydraulic machinery being of supe- 
rior character. 

Philadelphia has won the reputation of being the largest manufacturing city in the 
world, and even a cursory examination will make this fact evident. The capital in- 
vested in this direction alone is estimated at over one hundred million of dollars. The 
commerce of the city is large and increasing rapidly ; the foreign trade which a short 
time since passed through New York has now, by the establishment of the American line 
of steamships running direct to Liverpool, been transferred to its wharves. There is also 
an immense internal trade, specially with the West, through the lines of railroads which 
centre in Philadelphia ; there has been a steady increase of population, it being now esti- 
mated at about 800,000. As the time approaches for the opening of the United States 
International Exhibition, attention is turned to the great capacity of this city, which, in 







^?J»?N,r^^^sr-^;. 






- y ^ J' 

Fairniount Park from the Lansdowne Entrance. 

its one hundred and twenty square miles, contains thousands of houses in which tempo- 
rary accommodation maybe had, and the threat that "strangers must sleep in New 
York" will be found of no avail. In the vicinity of Philadelphia are many pleasant and 
attractive spots for the visitor. Excursion boats run up and down both the Schuylkill 
and Delaware, offering hourly opportunities for pleasant trips in either direction, and the 
drives to Chestnut Hill, Whitemarsh and Germantown will be found very pleasant. 

Great and varied, to an extent almost unexampled elsewhere, are the natural resources 
and industrial interests of Pennsylvania, as portrayed on other pages of this volume. 

In mineral and other deposits none can compare with her ; in tlie mechanism and 
skill which converts her ores from their crude condition into the ponderous, delicate or 
minute forms useful to man, her sons are not excelled within or without the Union. 



94 



PENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. 



The ingenuity of Pennsylvania artisans is, in every branch of industry, almost world- 
wide ; her locomotives traverse every road in Kuroj)e, and her iron ships, afloat and 
being built, are destined to spread her iiune wherever American commerce reaches. 
In view of such well-earned reputation, with such mechanical and artistic record, 
how fitting it is her tillage, on which commerce, manufactures and industry of every 
kind repose, should be esteemed noteworthy! It is pleasant to know that her fertile 
soil, her intelligent husbandmen, her crops and flocks and herds may be referred to 
as justly entitled to high discriminating praise. It is true wc have not within our 
borders broad j)rairies like unto those of the far West, nor its unctuous soil which 
knows no depth, and ever yields without exhaustion of fertility. We glory in the 
natural wealth of our sister States — their prosperity is ours as well ; but in our mines 
of coal and iron and other minerals, in our ceaseless flow of oil, nature has dealt kindly 
by us also. The gold of California, the cotton of the South, the sugar of Louisiana and 
Texas, the silks and other Hbres of the world, the spices and cottees of the tropics, tne 




Columbia Bridge, Fairmount Park. 

liighest mechanism of Europe, its best efforts in the useful and fine arts, are all at our 
command ; we have only to stretch forth our hands and grasp what has been so bounti- 
fully placed within our reach ; what has been denied us in nature's })rofuse scattering 
we have gained by thoughtful, well-directed efforts in the rotation of crops, in the appli- 
cation of ai)propriate fertilizers, and other means intelligently directed to a desired end, 
until "Pennsylvania agriculture" has become simplv another term for high-farming 
and successful tillage, whilst those who, resident at distant points, seek the best, whether 
it be the fine strains of animals which ^vxag its rich pastures, or the seeds of grasses, 
cereals or vegetables, bend their steps hitherward and never go empty away. 

Under such conditions it is no easy task to single out an individual rural estate for 
special notice; indeed, it must be unhesitatingly admitted, not one alone has claim to so 
eminent a distinction, but it is impracticable on this occasion, with our limited space, 
to describe more than one, to be accepted as a tvpe of many. 



PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 



95 



On the Delaware, a few miles above Philadelphia, and adjoining that fertile tract 
known as Penn's Manor, a wise and discriminating reservation of the proprietary 
governor, is Bloomsdale, which we have selected as illustrative of the rural industry of 
Pennsylvania. This estate, we do not hesitate to say, has contribute<l, in an especially 
large degree, to the public good, by its products and by its eminent example also. 
Bloomsdale may be assumed a model of intelligent industry, systematic culture and 
rural progress. It embraces within its boundaries, independent of outlying lands, five 
hundred acres devoted to the culture and product of seeds, known in every hamlet, 
almost on every farmhold and country homestead, as "Landreth's" — known almost 
equally well on the banks of the Missouri, the Mississippi and the Ganges; for it should 
be stated, to the business credit and reputation of the firm, that for three generations 
Landreth's seeds have been annually shipped to India, and are preferred by English- 




Bioomsdale. 



men resident in Hindostan to the seeds of their own native land, our climate ripening 
them better than the humid air of England. 

It is the modest motto of the proprietors of Bloomsdale that " Landreth's seeds speak 
their own praise." They certainly cannot have done so with feeble voice, for not only 
are those broad acres taxed to their utmost productive power, but nearly ap])roaching 
one thousand other acres in addition, owned, occupied and cultivated by the firm, are 
devoted to seed culture; by this it is not intended to designate lands simply tributary, 
tilled by their owners who raise croi)s on contract, without direct control of those who 
have bargained for the product (as it is the custom with seed-merchants thus to obtain 
supplies), but immediate, active, personal care and supervision. Thus an idea may 
be conceived, though necessarily imperfect, of the activity of mind and energy called 
forth by such extended oi)erations; but system and order are ever triuni])hant, and in 



96 



PENNS YL VAN J A ILL USTEA TED. 



the case in point the adage is amply illustrated. With increassd acreage has come in- 
creased reputation, and Pennsylvania may claim the credit — not a slight one, we think 
— of having conducted within her borders a seed trade larger than exists elsewhere (if 
lands be taken as the measure), not alone withhi the Union, but without as well. 
I^^urope, travelers assert, can exhibit nothing of like extent. This is no idle boast made 
in the interest of private enterprise or pride of commonwealth. 

Independent of the numerous workmen employed on the estate, many of whom have 
been life-long attaches of the establishment, occupying cottages on the jn-emises, and as 
much at home as the proprietors themselves — a j)leasing feature which it were well to 
imitate — there are three steam-engines for thrashing, winnowing and cleaning seeds, 
grinding feed, etc., a "caloric" for pumping, and an admirably well-adjusted steam- 
ing apparatus for preparing food for the working-stock. But, still more worthy of note, 
there is at Bloomsdale the only successful steam-plough in Pennsylvania, drawn by a 
Williamson direct traction-engine, running with the steadiness of a railroad locomotive. 




and drawing after it a gang of ploughs, or it may be a com- 
bination of surface-breakers or subsoilers, as preparations for 
varied crops demand, thus accomplishing within an hour 
the labor of a well-conditioned team for an entire day. To 
have been pioneers and led the way in such an eifbrt, and 
achieved success where so many doubted and others scoffed, is indeed noteworthy ; and 
it is simply right to chronicle the fact in a volume descriptive of our State — the record, 
as it were, of its status at the present day. As the early efforts in river and ocean navi- 
gation are referred to with ever-increasing interest as progress is made in that direction, 
so will in the future be those of tillage by steam, as our State is entitled to its due 
share of praise with respect to land, as it unquestionably is to Fitch's exertions in 
steam navigation. 

Limited space prohibits many of the details of the operations at Bloomsdale, which 
we would gladly give our readers ; the sketch annexed may, however, convey some idea 
of the extent of the structures recpiired for the storage, drying and preservation of crops, 
and otherwise successful prosecution of the peculiar business there conducted, which is 
a credit to the proprietors, the successors of those who founded the business in 1784, 
and which may be classed as prominent among the many industrial enterprises of 
Pennsylvania. 



The Battle-Field Medicinal Spring 

AT GETTYSBURG. 



TPVURING the progress of the battle fought at Gettysburg a discovery was 
made by some of the wounded combatants which has invested this 
ever-memorable battle-field with a new interest. In the centre of a little 
valley, on the declivities of which the Federal and Confederate forces con- 
fronted each other, bubbled a spring of apparently excellent drinking water. 
To this spring tradition ascribed curative virtue ; but owing to its common 
water taste and appearance this tradition was not credited, and had almost 
been forgotten at the date of the battle. But when the tempest of war had 
swept over the little valley, it had strewn the ground with the dead and 
wounded of both armies. Some of the latter, it is alleged, dragged them- 
selves to this spring to slake their thirst and to bathe their wounds, and their 
testimony to its reviving and restorative effects corroborated the tradition and 
caused a resort to the spring by resident invalids. The consequences were 
probably without a parallel in the world's medical history. Previous to this 
time, and during the historic epoch, only mineral waters had been con- 
sidered medicinal, and these were described by every standard medical and 
chemical work as possessing a peculiar mineral flavor 'or odor. In other 
words, nausea and medical virtue were considered inseparable so far as 



aqueous fluids were concerned. Physicians have united in pronouncing 
against the use of mineral waters in acute diseases, and the different classes 
of mineral waters are prescribed only for certain classes of chronic diseases, 
and pronounced contra-indicated as to others. But the strange battle-field 
spring treated with very little respect these preconceived medical theories 
and distinctions and the immemorial popular beliefs on the subject. Its 
waters, which cannot be distinguished by the senses from those supplied by 
domestic springs and wells, and which on the perfectly healthy system pro- 
duce no other effect than that of satiating thirst, were found to possess a power 
over all diseases, both acute and chronic ; also to produce certain chemical 
effects on the inorganic substances which sometimes form in the human sys- 
tem which had never before been produced by drugs or mineral waters. In 
other words, it was found to be the solvent of calculus or stone so long sought 
by the savants among the mineral springs of the Old World, and recently 
supposed to have been discovered in one of the products of the laboratory — 
the carbonate of lithia. But the solvent powers of this water differ from 
those of the carbonate of lithia. The latter will only dissolve calculus or 
stone in the crucible or when removed from the human system, but the 
former either stimulates the vital forces to undue solvent or eliminating 
action, or in some other mysterious way reaches the stony concretions in their 
lodgment, and by a catalytic force disperses them. But however effected, 
about the fact there is no dispute, and can be no more controversy than about 
the best established facts in our current medical history. 

Of course these curative achievements could not be performed without 
attracting the attention of the medical profession. For a time physicians re- 
garded them as a portion of that mental and physical phenomena which the 
weak and the ignorant pronounce curative miracles, but which the sagacious 
and observing correctly attribute to the overwrought imagination. But a 
thorougli investigation of this fluid by Dr. Bell, one of the authorities on 
mineral waters, resulted in its medical recognition, and its wonderful cures 



were duly chronicled by the medical press. The compilers of the thirteenth 
revised edition of the United States Dispensatory rank this spring of yester- 
day's discovery, as it were, with those time-honored and world-renowned 
medical sources, the European Vichy, Seltzer and Pyrmont. 

These developments have had the effect of transforming this modern Gol- 
gotha into a health and pleasure resort, while the commercial Gettysburg 
Katalysine water has found its way into the markets of the world. It is 
computed, from reliable data, that the cured of fatal or distressing maladies 
by this fluid outnumber the dead and the wounded in the great battle fought 
around it, and which resulted in its discovery. 

Such a history logically prepares us for the speculations of a scientist in 
regard to this spring. According to this authority, it is not a mineral water, 
and has not been embraced in any of the classifications of aqueous fluids 
effected by modern science. He pronounces it one of the primitive medical 
sources of which we have now no other than traditional accounts. Nor is 
this hypothesis to be hastily rejected. The traditions of life-prolonging and 
youth-preserving springs, both in the Old and New Worlds, must relate to a 
class of medicinal springs superior to the mineral spas, or they must be merely 
ridiculous fables. No sane man of the present day will credit the tradition 
of the fountain of perpetual youth on this continent as rendered by the 
Spaniards ; but the existence of a class of medicinal, superior to the mineral, 
waters — fluids by the persistent and proper use of which as prophylactic 
agents the youth of the human constitution and human life may be prolonged 
far beyond their present average duration — is another and very different 
interpretation of this tradition. Herodotus, the father of history, refers to 
one of these springs, located somewhere up along the banks of the Nile, the 
waters of which prolonged life to one hundred and twenty years, and pro- 
duced a mental and physical development of the tribes using its waters un- 
known to their contemporaries. The king of this long-lived and powerfully- 
developed tribe refused to submit to the Persian conqueror, Cambyses, and 



exhibited to the Persian ambassadors some amazing athletic feats, which, on 
being related, struck terror into the Persian army. This story of Herodotus 
is only a re-hash of the universal tradition. 

Now, while fabulous human history is utterly unreliable — for it is the 
coinage of designing knaves — fabulous or traditional natural history is oft- 
times more reliable than the so-called authentic. The camelopard of Southern 
Africa, the wild man of the woods on its western coast, were long fabulous 
creatures before they became recognized members of the animal kingdom. 
The same remark applies to the grizzly bear of North America. Of the 
comparative reliability of fabulous and authentic natural history we have a 
striking illustration in the auriferous deposits of California and the pearl 
fisheries in the adjacent seas. Goldsmith's geographical and statistical his- 
tory, published in 1838, refers to this so-called fable, and very complacently 
adds, " But the closer inspection of its seas and shores has long since dispelled 
this illusion." Yet ten years later the fable was corroborated by the dis- 
coveries which electrified all nations and produced a rush of adventurers 
from every part of the world. It is not, therefore, wholly improbable that 
these traditions of waters of life and fountains of youth may relate to a supe- 
rior class of medicinal springs, the knowledge of which has been lost to the 
race, and it may be that it is again renewing its acquaintance with them in 
the strangely-discovered and wonderful spring of Gettysburg. \ 



\ 




PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



Life Insurance, the noblest and most effective form 

of Philanthropy, 



^^ 



I C^ 



INCORPORATED 
1850. 



POUCIES ON ALL DESiRABLE 
PLANS ISSUED 



AMERICAJy. 




Acciimnlated Assets, 
$5,000,000. 



OVER $2,500,000 

PAID TO 

WIDOWS AND OSPHANS 

BY THE 

AMERICAN. 




i||^ Mnswrante ^yampang 



OF PHILADELPHIA. 



GEORGE W. HILL, 
ALEXANDER WHILLDIN, 
GEORGE NUGENT, 
HON. JAMES POLLOCK, 



WILLIAM J. HOWARD, 
ALBERT C. ROBERTS, 
PHILIP B. MINGLE, 
HON. ALEX. G. CATTELL, 
JOHN WANAMAKER. 



ISAAC HAZLEHURST, 
JAMES L. CLAGHORN, 
HENRY K. BENNETT, 
L. M. WHILLDIN, 



/ 



PRESIDENT, 

GEORGE W. HILL. 

ACTUARY, 

• JOHN C. SIMS. 

CHAIRMAN OF FINANCE COMMITTEE, 

ALEXANDER WHILLDIN. 



VICE-PRESIDENT, 

GEORGE NUGENT. 

SECRETARY AND TREASURER, 

JOHN S. WILSON. 

ASSISTANT SECRETARY, 

J. a. HAMMER. 



Medical Examiner— J. NEWTON WAI^KER, M.D., 

AT OFFICE DAILY ^ROM 12 TO 1 O'CLOCK. 

Consulting Physician— JOHN F. BIRD, M.D. 



The security offered to its PoHcy-liolders in the accumulated assets of the American, — the 
integrity and economy that have always characterized its management, — its popular plans and 
low rates, and its generous promptness in the payment of claims, are features of this Company 
that have already won for it a large degree of popularity, and such as must entitle it every- 
where to the entire confidence of the people. 

fl@°" Agents wanted in all sections of the country. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



128 William Street, 

New York. 



27 North Sixth Street, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 



^ 



Offer to the trade 

FIRST-CLASS ^A/RITING PAPER, 

Sier CaMtol Plate, lap, Litloppli, ani Siuer Caleiierei Bool Papers. 



NEWS, PRINTIIVG, AND MANILLA WRAPPING PAPERS. 

Have on hand a large assortment of standard sizes and weights, and make to order at short notice, 
at lowest rates. 

SAMPLES SEJVT UPOM APPLICATIOJ^. 



THE 



PENN MUTUAL 

LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, 

Ho. 921 ChestniLt Street, Philadelphia.. 



A Purely 
Mutual Company. 

Incorporated in 1847. 




Dividends 
Declared Annually, 
Assets, $4,550,000. 



THE PENN IS ENTIRELY MUTUAL.. 

All of its Surplus Premiums are returned to its members every year to reduce the payments, or 
they may be used to increase the amount insured. 

Its Policies are all non-forfeitable for their value after the third annual payment. 



SAMUEL C. HUEY, President. 
SAM'L E. STOKES, Vice-President. H. S. STEPHENS, 2d Vice-President. 

JAMES WEIR MASON, Actuary. HENRY AUSTIE, Secretary. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



STfPHfllF.llIlflaNUOIll %M%^t\\% 



MANUFACTUREES OF THE 



ilST CiFEIlO 



AND 

In tlie United. States, 

South-west Oomer of 

Twelfth & Market Streets, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



THE PHILADELPHIA TRUST, 

SAFE DEPOSIT 

AND INSURANCE COMPANY, 

Nos. 413, 415 and 417 CHESTNUT STREET. 

CAPITAL, ^l,000,000-rULL PAID. 

The Company acts as Executor, Administrator, Trustee, 
Guardian, A.ssignee, Receiver, Committee, or Agent; also, 
as Surety in all cases where security is required. 

All Trust Investments state the names of the parties for 
whom they are held, and are kept separate and apart from 
the Company's assets. The rules of the Court prohibiting 
the investment of Trust Funds in Coupon Bonds are rigidly 
adhered to. 

The Safe Deposit branch of the Company's business in- 
clude.s the Renting of Safes in Its Burglar-Proof Vaults, and 
the receiving of Uovernment and all other Securities and 
Valuables under Special Guarantee at the lowest rates. 

This Company recognizes the fullest liability imposed by 
law in regard to the Safe Keeping of its Vaults and their 
contents. 

Money received on Deposit, and Interest allowed. To 
Executors, Administrators, Trustees, <&c., this branch of 
the Company's business is of especial importance. 

The Company acts as Attorney in fact for the Collection 
of Income, and arranges for Guarantee of Letters of Credit 
for travellers. 



FOR YOUNG MEN AND BOYS, 

1415 Locust Street, 

EDWAED CLARENCE SMITH, A.M., 

miNCIPAI.. 



This Select School will enter upon its tenth year, 
complete in all its arrangements, with rooms hand- 
somely furnished and a full body of instructor.^. 

1. Pupils prepared for business life. Thorough 
course in the English branches and Mathematics. 

2. Pupils prepared for high standing in College. 

3. Special instructors in French, German, Drawing, 
Pen-manship, Elocution, Book-keeping. 

4. A completely-organized Primary Department. 

5. Special features — An unsurpassed locality, spa- 
cious and well-ventilated rooms with high ceiling. 

Next session will commence September 16th. 
Circulars may be obtained and applications made at 

No. 1415 Locust Street. 



Thomas Eobins, 
Lewis R. Ashhurst, 
J. Livingston Erringer, 
R. P. McCuUagh, 
James L. Claghorn, 
Benjamin B. Comegys, 
Augustus Heaton, 



F. Rat eh ford Starr, 



Daniel Haddock, Jr., 
Edward Y. Townsend, 
Hon. Wm. A. Porter, 
Edward S. Handy, 
Joseph Carson, M.D., 
Alexander Brown, 



James M. Aertsen. 

President-J. L. ERRINGER. 
Vice-President— EDWARD S. HANDY. 
Treasurer— WILLIAM L,. DUBGIS. 
Secretary— WILLIAM L. EDWARDS. 




As a Sofa. 

HOVER'S PATENT SOFA-BEDSTEAD, 

A Sofa by day and luxurious bed by night, it requires 
but a moment to make it into a Sofa or a Bedstead. 
It takes apart the same as a Bedstead in order to keep 
it clean, is easily managed, and impossible for it to get 
out of order. Price about the same as a lounge. To 
be had only at the manufactory. 
No. 230 SOUTH SECOND STREET, Philadelphia. 

H. F. HOVER. 




As a Bedstead with Spring Mattress. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



"The excellent International Series."— Literary World, Boston. 



THE IfTERHATIONAL SERIES 

NEW APPROVED NOVELS. 

Each large 12mo, printed on first quality paper, in large clear type, (easily read- 
able, where the ordinary double-column, unleaded 8vo. is too great a strain 
on the eyes), and bound in light lead-colored, smooth English cloth, 
flexible, with ornamental black stampings. Suitable for the 
Library shelves or for rebinding. 



Price, per Vol., 



$1.35. 



NO ALTERNATIVE. 

By Annie Thomas, authoress of " Dennis Donne," 
" ' He Cometh Not,' she said," etc., etc. 

" One of the vexy best novels of this year. . . . There h.as 
been no such character drawing since Thackeray." — Dr. Shel- 
TON Mackenzie. 

THE VICISSITUDES OF BESSIE 
FAIRFAX. 

By Holme Lee, authoress of " Sylvan Holt's 
Daughter," " Kathie Brand," etc. etc. 

" Her former novels betokened the possession of rare talent, 
which 18 shown to still better advantage in this book." — Globe, 
Boston. 

III. 

VALENTINE, THE COUNTESS. 

From the German of Carl Detlef (Miss Clara 
Bauer), by M. S., translator of "By Plis Own 
Might," etc., etc. 

" A great prize in the literary lottery." — Pre.'!.?, Philad'a. 

" An exceedingly good novel, with a clever plot and some 
remarkable strong bits of character drawing." — Saturday Even- 
ing Gazette, Boston. 

IV, 

GERDA. 

Bj^ the famous Madame Schtvartz, authoress of 
"Gold and Name," "Guilt and Innocence," 
etc., etc. Translated from the Swedish by 
Selma Borg and Marie A. Brown. 

" K very fine work, and will well repay those who read it." 
— Traveler, Boston. 

" A very fascinating story." — Golden Age, New York. 

IN THE DAYS OF MY YOUTH. 

By Amelia B. Edwards, authoress of " Barbara's 
History," " The Ladder of Life," " Debcnham's 
Vow," etc., etc. 

"A singularly brilliant novel."— E. P. WniPPLE, in the 
Boston Globe. 



VI. 



CHARLOTTE ACKERMAN. 

From the German of Otto Mijller, by Mrs. Chap- 
man Coleman and her daughters, the translators 
of the " Muhlbach " novels. 

"Carefully written, well digested, and exhibits great merit." 
— Times, New Orleans. 

VII, 

THE SON OF AN ORGAN-GRINDER. 

By Madame Schwartz, authoress of " Gold and 
Name," " Guilt and Innocence," etc., etc. 
Translated by Selma Borg and Marie A. 
Brown. 

" At once a remarkable study of character, a discussion'ot 
politico-social problems, and a fascinating story." — Globe, St. 
Louis. 

VIII. 

THE CROSS OF BERNY. 

Written jointly by Mme. Emile db Girardin, Mme. 
Theophile Gautier, Jules Sandeau, and Jules 
Meby. 

"A book of unusual brilliancy and of curious literary in- 
terest. ... As a story it is no less notable than as a colla- 
boration, distinguished by a plot of deep interest, characters 
drawn with masterly power, and a style of dazzling brilliancy." 
— Saturdai/ Evening Gazette, Boston. 

IX. 

CHASTE AS ICE, PURE AS SNOW. 

By Mrs. M. C. Despard (a new writer). 

"It is not too much to predict that, if she pleases, she may 
become one of the best novel writers of the day." — The Press, 
Pliiladelphia. 

GENTIANELLA. 

By Mrs. Randolph. 

This is the first novel by Mrs. Randolph, which has been 
published in America; it is confidently recommended. 



OTIIEFtS IIV PrtE PA. RATION. 



PORTCR d^ GOATES^ Publishers^ 

nilLADELPHIA. 

B®" When not to be had at the bookstores, sent by mail post-paid, on receipt of price. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



ESTABLISHED 181S. 



HOESTMANN BROTHERS & CO. 

Fifth and Cherry Streets, Philadelphia, 




Manufactory and Salesrooms. 
MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OP 




L 




^ttjghte ®«m)>to ilnifotmsi a sperialtj}. 

BAITIIERS, FLAGS, DECORATIONS AND BADGES. 

We keep constantly on hand a large and varied assortment of 

MATERIAI.S AND TRIMMINGS 

suited to all the above branches. 
• A LAKGE ASSOETMENT OF 

SILK, BUNTING AND MUSLIN FLAGS 



ON HAND AND MADE TO OBDEK. 
ALSO, 



Banner Silks, Bunting, Staffs, Eagles, Ornaments, Spears, 

^%lh, %nH ^ %M%tl%, §ring$^, %isUn, ^tl%%f 

AND ALL ARTICLES NEEDED FOR FLAG AND BANNER TRIMMING. 
THE TRADE SUPPLIED. 
Mail orders and inquiries shall have prompt attention. 

HORSTMANN BROTHERS & CO. 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



NEW BOOKS. 

♦♦♦ 

The Wild North Land. 

The Story of a Winter Journey with Dogs across Northern North America. By Captain W. 
F. Butler, author of " The Great Lone Land." With 16 handsome full page Engravings. 
Crown 8vo. Toned paper. Cloth, extra, black and gold, $2.50. 

" Certainly he seems to have some excellent qualifications for the task. The love of adventure 
breathes through every page of his book, and gives it a pleasant flavor of originality. * * * * 
Captain Butler succeeds in infecting us with the spirit of enjoyment, his book carries us along with 
it." — Saturday Review, London. 



Celebrities of the Past and 
Present. 

Essays, Biographical, Critical and Historical, 
chiefly adapted from SAft>rTE-BEUVE. By Mal- 
colm Maceuen. 12mo., cloth, extra, $1.50. 



THE 

Sportsman's Olub Among 
the Trappers. 

By Harry Castlemon, author of the " Gun- 
boat Series," "Rocky Mountain Series," etc. 
Illustrated by Bensell. Cloth, black and gold, 
$1.25. 

This is the third and completing volume of the 
" Sportsman's Club Series," and is the book of the 
season for boys. 



Encyclopedia of Rural 
Sports. 

Comprising Shooting, Hunting, Coursing, 
Fishing, Hawking, Athletics, Pedestrianism, 
Yachting, Boating, Racing, and the various 
Rural Games and Amusements, Illustrated by 
200 Engravings. By Stonehenge (J. W. Walsh, 
F.R.C.S.). Very thick crown 8vo. Cloth, black 
and gold, $5.00. 

This should be in the hands of every one fond of 
sports or rural life. 



IN PRESS, 



The Household Book of 
Quotations. 

A Dictionary of Ten Thousand Familiar Quo- 
tations, with exact references to their, sources, 
and with parallel passages. Compiled and 
analytically arranged by Samuel J. Filer. 



Will he issued in October, 
THE 

Stately Homes of Sngland. 

By Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A., and S. C. Hall, F.S.A. Illustrated with 210 superb En- 
gravings on wood. Foolscap, 4to. 

'• Mr. Jewitt's volume is not only an ornament to any table, but is good reading to boot, and in 
this double quality is entitled to rank as a gift-book of the first order." — London Times. 

" This volume contains 210 exquisite wood engravings. ... Is a beautifully illustrated and 
entertaining work." — London Graphic. 

"A GIFT BOOK OF THE FIRST ORDER." 

PORTER & COATES, Publishers, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



AMERICAN LINE 



THE AMERICAN STEAMSHIP COMPANY 

OF PHILADELPHIA. 

Weekly Mail Steamship Service betAveen 

PHILADELPHIA AND LIVERPOOL, 

CALLING AT QUEENSTOWN. 

SailiDi every Tlinrstoy M PMMelpMa aM eTerj feteiai froi Livepl. 



PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA, ABBOTSFORD, 

OHIO, ILLINOIS, *KKNILWORTH. 



PRICES OF PASSAGE IN CURRENCY. 

First Cabin, $75 to $100, according to accommodations. 

Intermediate and Steerage tickets to and from all points at lowest current rates. 

Steamers marked with a star do not carry intermediate. 

Passenger accommodations fOr all classes unsurpassed. Ample attendance is provided. Every 
steamer carries a surgeon and stewardess. 

These eteamers are supplied with Life-Rafts, in addition to the usual Life 'Boats and Life-Pre- 
servers. 

Through tickets and through bills of lading issued between all prominent points. 

For passage, rates of freight and other information, apply to 

PETER WRIGHT & SONS, General Agents, 

No. 307 Walnut St., Fhiladelphia. 

EICHARDSON, SPEIICE & CO., Liverpool. Iff. k J. CUMMINS & BROS., Queenstown. 

RED STAR LZITK 

APPOINTED TO GARRY THE BELGIAN AND UNITED STATES MAILS. 

PHILADELPHIA AND ANTWEKP. NEW YOEK AND ANTWERP. 



VADERLAND, SWITZERLAND, WESTERLAND, 

NEDERLAND, RHYNLAND, RUSLAND. 



PRICES OF PASSAGE IN CURRENCY. 

First Cabin $90 | Second Cabin $60 

Intermediate and Steerage tickets to and from all points at lowest current rates. 
Passenger accommodations for all classes unsurpassed. Ample attendance is provided. Every 
steamer carries a surgeon and stewardess. 

Through tickets and through bills of lading issued between all prominent points. 
For passage, rates of freight and other information, apply to 

PETER WEIGHT & SOITS, General Agents, 

No. 30? Walnut Street, Pliiladelphia. 

B. VONDER BECKE, Qeneral European Agent, Antwerp. 
2 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



LEHIGH VALLEY RAILROAD. 



3doxjbxjE t:b^a.oic 



FAjST EXPRESS TRAINS 

LBATB 

ITew York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washin^on, in connection with the North Penn., Cen- 
tral of N. J. and Morris & Essex Eoads, for Bethlehem, Easton, Allentown, Oatasauqua, 
Slatington, Mauch Chunk, Glen Onoko, Hazleton, Mahanoy City, Wilkesbarre, Pittston, 
Towanda, Elmira, Watkins Glen, Ithaca, Auburn, Oswego, Ogdensburg, the 
Canadas, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Chicago, and all points in the 
West and North West. 

PALACE PARLOR COACHES ON THE DAY EXPRESS TRAINS. 

(A new and popular train), 
LEAVES NEW TOBK AND PHILADELPHIA DAILY, 

WITH PULLMAN'S SLEEPING COACHES, 
Fm MmMml&f @sw§gQ, ^smsMSf mmi iM WesL 



ONOKO GLEN AND THE SWITCH BACK. 

Four trains each day (Sundays excepted), 

Leaye New York and Philadelphia for Manch Chnnli, 

Giving passengers an opportunity of visiting the beautiful Glen of Onoko and the Switch Back, 
both of which places have become famous for their rare scenery, and attract many thousand visitors 
annually. 

The Bound Trip can be made from either City in a day, if desirei 



FREIGHT ACCOMMODATION. 

EXPRESS AND WAT FREIGHT TRAINS RUN NIGHT AND DAY, 

And draw a very large tonnage, because of the careful and regular manner in which freight is 

transported and delivered. 



TZOKIET OIBTFIOES: 

NEW YORK, Central R. R. of N. J., foot of Liberty Street. Morris & 
Essex R. JR., foot of Barclay and Christopher Streets* 

PHILADELPHIA^ 732 Chestnut Street^ 105 South Fifth Street, and the 
North Penn. Depot. 

ROBT. K. SATRE^ 

Superintendent and Engineer. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



THE PHILADELPHIA & SOUTHERN 

Mail Steamship Company's Lines 

TO 

WILMINGTOlSr, N.C., Weekly; 

SAVANNAH, GEO., Weekly; 

NEW ORLEANS, LA., Semi-monthly; 

HAVANA, CUBA, Semi-monthly; 

FKOM • 

Pier 22, below Pine Street, Delaware River. 

lllli m lillRiiDS k SIMliAI 111 

TO ALL POINTS SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST, 

INCLUDING 

LANDINGS ON THE MlSSiSSIPPl RIVER, 

BETWEEN NEW ORLEANS AND ST. LOUIS ; 

By nvtORGAN's Line U. S. IVTail Steamers, 

FROM NEW ORLEANS TO ALL TEXAS PORTS, 

And with Morgan's Louisiana and Texas Eailroad, Houston Direct Navigation Company, 
Galveston, Houston and Henderson Railroad, Houston and Texas Central Railway and 
branches, International and Great Northern Railroad, and the Gulf, Western Texas and 
Pacific Railway, 

TO ALL THE PRINCIPAL CITIES & TOWNS IN TEXAS, 

AND BT 

MW ORLEANS, MOBILE AND TEXAS RAILROAD TO MOBILE. 

For Rates of Freight, and other information, apply to 

"WM. L. JAMES, 

G-eneral Agent, 
4:16 South Delaware Ave,, Philadelphia, 



JLOEI^^TS. 



WORTH & WOBTH, Wilmington; 
HITNTBB & GAMMEIiIj, Savannah; 



E. A. YORKE, New Orleans; 
WIIililAM NEILSON, Havana. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 

THE GEEAT TRUNK LINE 

AHD 

UNITED STATES MAIL ROUTE, 

BETiriB* TBI 

ATLANTIC SEABOARD AND THE PACIFIC COAST. 



The best constructed, most splendidly equipped, and thoroughlj organized system of Railroads in 
the United States. Double track, stone balasted, and laid with heavy steel rails. Bridges of iron or 
stone, and built upon the most approred plans. 

THE WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE 

Is attached to all passenger trains, and the system of safety signals is perfect. 

Pnllmn DrawiDi-Rooi, Sleepini anil Parlor Cars are mi on all Express Trains, 

From NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, WASHINGTON and BALTIMORE, 

To CHICAGO, CINCINNATI, LOUISVILLE, INDIANAPOLIS and ST. LOUIS, 

■W-ITHIOTJT Oia:j^I:T<3-E. 

The scenery on this route, for grandeur, beauty and variety, is unsurpassed in the world. 
Superior refreshment facilities provided. 

CONNECTIONS ASSURED TO ALL IMPORTANT POINTS. 

Tickets for sale, at the Lo-west Rates, at the Ticket Ofllces of the Company in all 

inaportant cities and tov/^ns. 



STTMMEH TB.AVEZ.. 

The Pinmstlvania. Railkoad Company pdrnishbs facilitibs for Plhasubh Travbl superior to 
any other railroad in America. All the principal places of interest in the 

EASTERN, MIDDLE, AND SOUTHEEN STATES, AND IN CANADA, 

Being reached by the lines of Railroad it controls, it is enabled to present annually thi most com- 
PRSHENBivK and 

COMPLETE SERIES OF EXCURSION ROUTES '' 

Offered to Summbr Tbavbllbrs in the world. 

FRANK THOMSON, D. M. BOYD, Jr., 

(Jeaer&l ICanageri QenL Fasienger Agent. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



Northern Central Railway. 



< • » ■ » 



ONLY DIRECT LINE CONNECTING TEE NORTH AND SOUTH. 



« • » » » 



This National Route runs from Baltimore to the cities on the Lakes and the Canada Border, 
passing through the centre of Pennsylvania, and penetrating the great Coal and Iron Fields of 
that State. 

IT CONNECTS AT HiKRISBURG WITH THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, 

Over which its trains are run direct to Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and all important 
points, making it the best line between Washington City and the West, South-west, and North-west* 

IT CONNECTS AT SUNBURY WITH THE PHILADELPHIA AND ERIE RAILROAD, 

Forming a through line to Erie, Cleveland and Detroit. 

IT CONNECTS AT ELMIRA WITH THE ERIE RAILWAY, 

For Buffalo and the East. 

IT CONNECTS AT CANANDAIGUA WITH THE NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD, 

For Rochester, the Canadian Cities, and Syracuse and Albany. 

The Northern Central Railway has 

A COIPIEIE Mi OF mWMl A! MLIiOEE AID mwmi 



Richmond, Charleston, Savannah, Augusta, Atlanta, Jachsonville, Mobile and 
New Orleans, and all important points in the South, are reached. 

Tickets for sale, at lowest rates, at ticket offices of the Company in all important towns and 
cities reached. 

BAQaAGK CHECKED TO DESTINATION. 



SUMMER TRAVEL. 

The Northern Central Railway passes through some of the most beautiful scenery on the Conti- 
nent, embracing the Valley of the Susquehanna, the Mountains and Forests of Pennsylvania, and 
reaches the world-famed wonders of 

WATKIN8 GLEN, SENECA LAKE, AND NIAGARA FALLS. 

It presents unequalled attractions for pleasure travel, and arrangements are perfected by the Com- 
pany securing to excursionists and others the highest possible degree of comfort and enjoyment. 

A. J. CASSATT, D. M. BOYD, Jr., 

Oenl. Manager. Oenl. Pattenger Agent, 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



ITOHTH PEmSYLVAITIA HAILROAD 

THE SHORT AND FAVORITE ROUTE FROM PHILADELPHIA TO 

Easton, Bethlehem, Allentown, Maach Chunk, Mabanoy City, Wilkesbarre, Scranton, 

Towanda, Waverly, Southern and Western New York, Auburn, Ithaca, Rochester, 

Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and the Canadas. 

SIX THROUGH TRAINS DAILY for Bethlehem, and the various points on the Lehigh 
Valley, Lehigh and Susquehanna, and Erie Railways, and their connections. 
THREE TRAINS DAILY for Doylestown and intermediate points. 
TWO TRAINS DAILY for Northeast Pennsylvania Railroad. 
HOURLY TRAINS for the Suburban Districts of the City. 

PASSENGER DEPOT IN PHILADELPHIA, Comer of Berks and America Streets. 

City Patsenger Gars of Fifth Street, Third Street, and Union Line run to the Depot. 



FREIGHT ACCOMMODATION. 

Daily Fast Freight Trains are run to all points in the Lehigh, Mahanoy, Wyoming, and Susque- 
hanna Valleys; and in connection with the Erie Railway to Buffalo, Rochester, Western New York, 
and the West, delivering goods with great regularity and promptness. 

LOCAL FREIGHT DEPOT, Front and Wlllov 8ts. THROUGH FREIGHT DEPOT, Front and Noble 8t8. 

To insure dispatch. Freight must be delivered before 5 p. m. 

ELLIS CLARK, General Agent, 

Front and Willow Streets, Philadelphia. 

Jjl^' Tickets Sold and Baggage Checked through to the principal Stations, at Mank's North Pennsyltania 
Baggage Express Office, No. 105 South Fifth Street. 

sTiiiiiiiiE k tmimm, 

N. W. Corner Eighth and Market Streets, 
PHILADELPHIA, 

Have on band, at all times, one of the largest stocks of DRY GOODS to be found in 

Philadelphia, at retail, in 

SILKS AND DRESS GOODS. 

They are enabled to offer great advantages in assortment and prices, as also in every variety of 

MOOSE FORNISHING GOODS, 

BLANKETS AND QVILTS, SHEETINGS AND SHIRTINGS, 

LINEN GOODS, &o., &c., 

Jk.t tlie 3L<o-Treat IVboleeale Hates. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILDTSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



THE GIRARD HOUSE, 

S 
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PHILADELPHIA. 






Having been purchased by " The Girard House Hotel Company," this Hotel has been thoroughly 
refitted in the most approved style ; the lower halls laid with marble tiles, and the parlor, chambers, 
and upper halls newly carpeted and refurnished. The Dining Rooms are also replenished with new 
table furniture. The Hotel will be found 

Commodions, Comfortable, and Reasonable in Prices. 



Public Eecord. 

THE INDEPENDENT MORNING NEWSPAPER OF PHILADELPHIA, 

Office, S, TV* Corner of Third and Chestnut Streets. 



The PcBLic Record is the only one cent morning newspaper published in Philadelphia; it reaches 
mere readers, and a more varied class of readers, than any other paper in the city, and its advertising 
rates are fifty per cent, lower than any, in proportion to circulation, which is the main element of 
value to advertisers. The Public Record furnishes to its readers 

THE LATEST NEWS FROM ALL FARTS OF THE WORLD, 

By telegraph, through the Associated Press, besides Local and other News, by its own correspondents. 



Rates of Advertising. 

Tiftetm cents per line. 

On first page, and before Marriages and Deaths, ttoenty-fi/oe cents per line. 

Marriages and Deaths, twenty-five cents each insertion, 

Th<; Public Record is served in the city and surrounding cities and towns at six cents per week, 
payable to the carrier. 

WILLIAM J. SWAIN, 

Proprietor and Publisher. 



PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTjIATED ADVERTISER. 



WILL BE PtnSLISS'J) BAELY IN 1875 



The New Guide to 

PHILADELPHIA 



AND ITS VICINITY. 



It is designed to make this the best Guide Book 
which has ever been published, and no pains nor 
expense will be spared which are necessary to 
that end. It will be thorough and complete ; 
well illustrated, and with maps and diagrams, on 
a new plan, which will add greatly to the practi- 
cal usefulness of the book. It is believed that it 
will be very valuable not only to strangers but to 
citizens as well. 



PORTER & COATES, Publishers, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



A. WElEROre & CO. 

132S CHESTNUT ST. 

(Opposite U. S. Mint), 

PHILADELPHIA. 



PHOTOGRAPHS 

Or every description, 

Photo- Electrotypes, 

AND 

PHOTO-LITHOGMPHS. 



DAILY AND WEEKLY. 

8 I=>A.(3-ES, 56 OOLTJZSdinsrS. 



A COMPLETE NEWS, BUSINESS AND FAMILY PAPER. 

THE LAR&EST MWSPAPER PUBLISHEB IN PHILABELPHIA. 

A Journal for the People — For the Merchant, the Manufacturer, the Mechanic, Working Men 

and their Families. 

SUBSCBIPTIOX: DAILY, $8.00; WEEKIT, $1.50 PER ANNUM. 



PUBLISHED BY 



14 & 16 South Seventli Street, Philadelphia. 



PENNSTLVANJA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



1873. -VIElSriTJ^. 1S73. 



JOB PIIBIICATIONS OF 

T. ELLWOOD ZELiL, 

17 and 19 South Sixth Street, Philadelphia, 
5 Beekman Street, New York, 



ZELL'S POPULAR ENCYCLOPEDIA, DICTIONARY and 

GAZETTEER. 

The most perfect work of the kind ever issued. Over Seven Thousand Columns of Nonpareil 
Type, consisting of matter on every important subject known. Illustrated by over 3,000 Engravings. 



ZELL'S SUPPLEMENT TO ENCYCLOPEDIA. 

Containing late matters of History and Discoveries in Art and Science. 



ZELL'S DESCRIPTIVE HAND- ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 

Containing Thirty-five Full-page Maps, beautifully engraved and colored, and about 300 pages of 
descriptive geographical matter and indexes. 



ZELL'S ILLUSTRATED FAMILY BIBLE. 

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8@" Address as above for terms and territory. 

Cirenlars and Specimens sent free on application to aboTe address. 



10 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



WILLIAM W. HARDING, 

BIBLE PUBLISHER & IMPORTER, 

630 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. 

Have now been before the pi;i)lio, for nearly half a century. Their reputation is still maintained, as 
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SOLE PROPRIETORS, 



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12 



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OXFORD BIBLES, 
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The Waverley Novels, 

By SIR WALTER SCOTT. 

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with two Steel Engravings In each 

volume, and handsomely bound 

in black and gold. 

Price, per Vol,, $1,50, 



This new " Fireside Edition " is printed in the 
largest type of any edition published, and is the 
cheapest to be had. It is the 07ily edition with 
Sir Walter Scott's original Notes complete. 



PORTER & COATES, Publishers. 

PHILADELPHIA. 

*#* When not to be had at the bookstores, ttni by 
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FORNEY'S Press. 

THE GREAT RADICAL NEWSPAPER. 
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NEW YORK T±x,: VQ'^I 

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"The n«t» TRIBUNE of to-day, like the old TRIBUNE of the pa.it, U to be nmsecrated to the development <if idea», j^f, ttrpo- 
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The unanimous and unsolicited verdict of the hun<ireds of thousands of readers of THE TRIBUNE U, that tba 
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however, believes in deeds rather than in words— in results rather than in promises. It pomts to itsiecords auti its 
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A LIBRARY FOR ONE DOLLAR. 



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of '49. Price 10 cents. 

No. 5. Twelveillustrations— Three Lectures by Prof. Louis 
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Nos. 6 & 7. Beecher's Yale Letters for Ministers. Price 
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No. 8. Sixty-two Illustrations— The Method of Creation. 
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No. 15. AncientTroy, Bayard Taylor; Proctor and Brown- 
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No. 16. Brooklyn Congregational Council. Price 10 cents. 

Nos. 17 & 20. Metropolitan Sermons. Price 10 cents. (Pam- 
phlet, 20 cents.) 

No. 18. Summer Eulogies— Schurz, Lamar, Elliott. Price 
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The entire series above described, by mail, for $1.00. 

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No. 19. Lectures and Letters.— Brown-silquard, Hammond, 
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No. 21.— One Year of Science, Coggia's and Biela's Comets ; 
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gSS" Numbers omitted are out of print. 

Address THE QTRIBVNE:, New Torl£. 



l5;NJ^-S-rT,r4jvT^ ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 



4^ 



1ST XI "W 



Sewing Machine Drawing Room, 

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The Willcox A Gibbs Silent Sewing Machine has for a long time outranked all others in the estimation of the 
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PATENT AND PATENT LAW OFFICES, 

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Principal Offices, 119 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
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PENNSYLVANIA ILIUSTRATtD ADVERTISER. 



BOOKS FOfi Tll[ COONF «■ «■ tarr, 



EIGHTEENTH EDITION, 

Brought down to May, 1874, with the addltioa of 7(5 

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page Engravings of Goldsmitli Mriid, Lady "horn, 
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HIRAM WOODRUFF 



m TROTTING HORSE of AMERICA; 

HOW TO TRAIN AND DRIVE HIM. 

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THE HORSE: In the Stable and 
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THE ILLUSTRATED BOOK OF 
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RURAL SPORTS. 

By "Stonbhekge." With 200 Illustrations. Crown 
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PORTER & COATES, 

PublisherSf 
PHILADELPHIA. 

J^" To be had at all bookstores, or will be sent by mail, 
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PENNSYLVANIA ILLV.'^TEATED ADVERTISER. 



mansfiel & baird, 
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MAIL ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY; BOOKS IMPORTED TO ORDER; 
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